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Microbiology > L5 > Flashcards

L5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions in a cell

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2
Q

__ involve the transfer of electrons from an e- donor molecule to an e- acceptor, reduction = e- accepted, oxidation = e- donated, most biological oxidations involve loss of H atoms, they are also called dehydrations

A

redox reactions

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3
Q

__ synthesize larger products from smaller molecules, require ATP

A

anabolism

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4
Q

__ break larger products into smaller molecules, release ATP

A

catabolism

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5
Q

__ sequence of chemical reactions

A

metabolic pathways

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6
Q

__ flavin adenine dinucleotide

A

FAD+

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7
Q

__, __, __ all are election carrier molecules used to synthesize ATP

A

NAD+, NADP+, FAD+

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8
Q

__ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

A

NADP+

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9
Q

__ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

A

NAD+

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10
Q

In ATP production: Cells __ ADP to make __

A

phosphorylate; ATP

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11
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation

A

part of ATP production; transfer from organic compound to ATP

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12
Q

describe oxidative phosphorylation

A

respiration, electrons transferred to electron carriers NAD+ and FAD

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13
Q

What uses light energy to make ATP?

A

photophosphorylation

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14
Q

Enzyme collision theory states that all __ are continuously moving and colliding, the energy transferred by the __ in the collision can __ the electron structures enough to break __ and form __.

A

atoms; particles; disrupt; chemical bonds; new ones

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15
Q

define substrate

A

the substance an enzyme acts on

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16
Q

organic catalysts that increase the likelihood of rxn w/o being permanently changed in the process, names end in -ase

A

classes of enzymes

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17
Q

transfer functional groups, anabolic

A

transferases

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18
Q

catabolize molecules be adding water in decomposition, hydrolysis

A

hydrolases

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19
Q

split large molecule w/o using water in process

A

lyases

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20
Q

rearrange atoms - do no add or remove anything

A

isomerases

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21
Q

join molecules together, anabolic

A

ligases/polymerases

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22
Q

What is an apoenyzme?

A

protein portion that inactive if not bound to nonprotein cofactor

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23
Q

Give 4 examples of cofactors.

A

Fe, Mg, Zn, Cu, (inorganic ions)

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24
Q

__ vitamins or contains vitamins - required for metabolism but cannot be synthesized

A

coenzyme

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25
Q

define ribozyme

A

RNA molecules acting as enzyme

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26
Q

describe activation energy

A

amount of energy needed to trigger a chemical reaction

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27
Q

Reaction Rate: frequency of __ sustaining enough energy to bring about reactions - depends on the __ of reactant molecules __ activation energy level, this is why heat __ the reaction rate

A

collisinos; number; at or above; increases

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28
Q

What is an activation site?

A

enzymes functional site

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29
Q

What can extremes of pH do regarding enzymes?

A

can denature enzymes

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30
Q

When denaturation occurs, what type of bonds break? What loses its structure?

A

noncovalent bonds; protein loses its structure

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31
Q

Do enzymes have optimal temperatures?

A

yes

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32
Q

define the turn over number

A

max # of substrate molecules an enzyme can convert to a product each second, usually 1-10,000 but can be as high as 500,000

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33
Q

describe the enzyme/substrate concentration

A

as [substrate] increases, enzyme activity increases, as more enyzmes active sites bind more substrate until reach saturation point, [enzyme] is a way to controls rxns

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34
Q

binding site on enzyme, opposite of where the substrate binds

A

allosteric site

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35
Q

What do inhibitors do?

A

block enzymes

36
Q

describe the two types of inhibitors

A

competitive: fit enzyme active site and prevent normal substrate binding vs.
noncompetitive: do no bind active sites but allosteric site elsewhere on molecule and alters shape of active site

37
Q

define feedback inhibition

A

use to control enzyme activity

ex: allosteric inhibitors and metablic feedback inhibition, = end product inhibition

38
Q

complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water, begins with glycolysis, final electron acceptor is oxygen

A

cellular respiration

39
Q

breaks down glucose and results in organic waste; what does it begin with? What is the final electron acceptor?

A

fermentation; begins with glycolysis; final electron acceptor is molecule made in the cell

40
Q

In glycolysis, no __ is needed. It occurs in the __ of most cells, and has a net gain of __ ATP. Also called the __ pathway.

A

oxygen; cytoplasm; 2; Embden-Meyerhoff

41
Q

In Krebs cycle, complete __ of substrate and then ATP is made through __, __ GTP, __FADH2, __NADH, __CO2, pyruvate cannot enter Krebs cycle directly, must undergo __ and lose __, the remaining __ attaches to coenzyme __ to make __, carbon dioxide fro this step and Krebs ultimately ends up in the __.

A

oxidation; redox rxns; 2; 2; 6; 6; decarboxylation; carbon dioxide; acetyl group; A; Acetyl CoA; atmosphere

42
Q

Electron transport chain: series of membrane bound carrier molecules that pass __ to a final __ acceptor and create a __ pump gradient to make ATP

A

e-; e- acceptor; H+

43
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway: __ sugars (__, __, and __) formed from __, are precursors to anabolic pathways, synthesis of nucleotides, net gain of __ ATP = HMP shunt which stands for __.

A

5c; ribulose, xyulose; ribose; glucose-6-phosphate; 1; hexose monophosphate shunt

44
Q

Entnre-Duodoroff pathway: is a substitute for __ in some bacteria, yields precursor metabolites and __ ATP, and catabolizes glucose to pyruvate, uses different enzymes than glycolysis, also produces __NADPH, organism can metabolize glucose without __ or __ pathway.

A

glycolysis; 1; 2; glycolysis; pentose phosphate

45
Q

Electron Transport Chain: energy from __ used to pump __, in cristae of __

A

electrons; H+; mitochondria

46
Q

contain flavin from vit. B2 riboflavin mononucleotide (FMN) is the intitial carrier molevule

A

flavoproteins

47
Q

metals alternate between reduced and oxidized, Fe-S in various organisms, Cu in those with photosynthesis

A

metal containing proteins

48
Q

nonprotein carrier derived from vit. K, coenzyme A in mitochondrion

A

ubiquinones

49
Q

pass electrons down the chain

A

carrier molecules

50
Q

use of ion gradient to generate ATP

A

chemiosmosis

51
Q

integral proteins associated with heme, Fe goes between Fell and FeIII states, carrier molecules are diverse in bacteria

A

cytochromes

52
Q

proton gradient created by the oxidation of components of an electron transport chain

A

oxidative phosphorylation

53
Q

protein channels that phosphorylate ADP and ATP

A

ATP synthases (ATPase)

54
Q

Anaerobic respiration: final electron acceptor is an inorganic substance other than __, amount of __ generated varies with the organism and pathway, ATP yield is never as high so anaerobes grow more __ than __.

A

oxygen; ATP; slowly; aerobes

55
Q

two examples of organisms that use anaerobic respiration

A

Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Desulfovibrio

56
Q

Fermentation: partial __ of sugar (or other metabolites) to release __ using an organic molecule as an __ rather than the __, oxidized __ to NAD+ and reduce organic molecules as the final electron acceptor

A

oxidation; energy; electron acceptor; electron transport chain; NADH

57
Q

examples of fermentation products produced by microbes

A

acetic acid, ethanol, lactic acid

58
Q

begins with glycolysis, Streptococcus and Lactobacillus, convert pyruvate to lactic acid and replenish NAD+

A

lactic acid fermentation

59
Q

begins with glycolysis, pyruvate converted to acetyldehyde and then ethanol and releases carbon dioxide, replishes NAD+

A

alcohol fermentation

60
Q

examples of products produced by Propionibacterium

A

propionic acid, used in swiss cheese

61
Q

pathway that uses lipases to hydrolyze bonds of fatty acids to glycerol

A

lipid catabolism

62
Q

What occurs in desulfurization?

A

removes SH group (protein catabolism)

63
Q

Discuss protein catabolism.

A

most cells only catabolize proteins when carbon from glucose and fat is not available, some organisms, particularly food spoilers, normally catabolize proteins

64
Q

Which pathway degrades fatty acids to make acetyl CoA for Krebs?

A

beta-oxidation

65
Q

define deamination

A

removes the amine group, recycles or removes the nitrogen waste (protein catabolism)

66
Q

What do proteases do to proteins?

A

split proteins into amino acids

67
Q

What occurs in decarboxylation?

A

removes COOH group (protein catabolism)

68
Q

define photosynthesis

A

captures light and energy and uses it to drive the synthesis of carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water

69
Q

captures light energy, has a hydrocarbon tail that is attached to light absorbing active site

A

chlorophyll

70
Q

Where are photosystems embedded? What are they made from? What do they harvest?

A

embedded in thylakoids; made from chlorophyll and other pigments in protein matrix; harvest light

71
Q

Light dependent reactions: __ light energy and use redox reactions to store energy in __ and __, and are __ on light energy.

A

absrob; ATP; NADPH; dependent

72
Q

Light independent reactions: synthesizes __ from carbon dioxide and __, not __ on light energy

A

glucose; water; dependent

73
Q

Describe the process of photophosphorylation.

A

photosystem I pigments absorb light energy and transfer it until it arrives at the reaction center chloropyll; as electrons move, the energy used to pump H+ for the proton motive force; the final electron acceptor is the original reaction center chlorophyll that donated the electron, the H+ gradient drives phosphorylation

74
Q

Describe the process of noncyclic photophosphorlyation.

A

all plants and algae and some bacteria

requires photosystem I and II; light excites photosystem II; electrons are passed to photosystem I and photosystem I is energized with additional light

NADP is reduced to NADPH which is used in light independent reactions

must constantly replenish electrons to the center of photosystem II

75
Q

Define carbon fixation.

A

attach carbon dioxide to ribulose 1, 5 biphosphate (Ru BP), RuBP derived from precursor metabolite of pentosephosphate pathway, substrates regenerated

76
Q

Calvin cycle: For every __ carbon dioxides that go into Calvin cycle, __ molecule of __, 3 phosphate leaves, glycolysis is reverse to take 2 __, __ phosphates to make glucose.

A

3; 1; glyceraldehydes; glyceraldehyde; 3

77
Q

list three phases of Calvin cycle

A
  1. carbon fixation
  2. reduction
  3. regeneration
78
Q

Which pathway describes reactions that can proceed either direction?

A

amphibolic

79
Q

Which pathway involves an addition of an amine group?

A

amination

80
Q

Which pathway uses glucose 3 phosphate as a starting point?

A

carbohydrate biosynthesis

81
Q

fat synthesized in reactions that are reverse of catabolic reactions, glycerol from glucose 3 phosphate, fatty acids by linking acetyl CoA, steroid synthesis more complicated

A

lipid biosynthesis

82
Q

synthesized from precursors from glycolysis, Krebs, pentose phosphate pathway, and other amino acids, essential and non essential amino acids

A

amino acid biosynthesis

83
Q

What is the term for the pathway that transfers amine from 1 amino acid to another, using a coenzyme derived from B6?

A

transamination

84
Q

from precursor metabolites of glycolysis and Krebs, ribose and deoxyribose from ribose 5 phosphate in pentose phosphate pathway, phosphate group from ATP, purines, and pyrimidines from glutamic and aspartic acid from Kreb’s intermediates

A

nucleotide biosynthesis

85
Q

control of gene =

A

cells control amount and timing of protein (enzyme) production

86
Q

control of metabolic expression =

A

cells control activity of proteins (enzymes) once they have been produced

87
Q

has potential energy as proton motive force used to propel down the electrochemical gradient through protein channels called ATPases

A

proton gradient

Microbiology (10 decks)

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