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Microbiology > L3 > Flashcards

L3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

non-motile extension in gram negative bacteria to adhere to one another and substances, important for biofilms (slimy masses of bacteria adhered to a substrate), some carry enzymes

A

fimbrae

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2
Q

flagella spiral tightly around cell in spirochetes, form an axial filament that wraps around cell between cell membrane and outer membrane, rotation of endoflagella causes “corkscrew” rotation, T. pallidium, B. bergdorferi

A

endoflagella

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3
Q

tubules composed of pilin, shorter than flagella, longer than fimbrae, used to move across substrate or in conjugation for genetic transfer, can create smooth gliding motility in myxobacteria

A

pili

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4
Q

only at ends

A

polar flagella

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5
Q

flagella at both ends

A

amphitrichous

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6
Q

organism can move by itself, can move toward a stimulus = taxis (ex. chemotaxis, phototaxis)

A

motility

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7
Q

flagella cover surface of cell

A

peritrichous

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8
Q

tuft of flagella at 1 end

A

lophotrichous

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9
Q

single

A

monotrichous

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10
Q

“sugar cup,” sticky substance made of polysaccharide and/or polypeptides, or around outside cell

A

glycocalyx

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11
Q

loose, water soluble glycocalyx, protects from dessication, allows to attach to host or surfaces as biofilms

A

slime layer

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12
Q

whiplike tail for motility, long thin filament, rotates 360 degrees like a motor, 20 nm diameter made of flagellin protein around a hollow core, base of filament inserts into hook, and basal body anchors hook and filament to cell wall

A

flagella

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13
Q

extracellular polymeric substance, glycocalyx that helps cells in biofilm attachment and facilitates communication

A

EPS

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14
Q

glycocalyx in prokaryote, made of organized repeating units of organic chemicals attached to surface, protects from dessication, may protect host because chemically similar to host

A

capsule

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15
Q

no nucleus, no membrane-bound genetic material, includes bacteria and archae

A

prokaryotes

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16
Q

membrane-bound specialized structures

A

organelles

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17
Q

membrane around DNA nucleus

A

eukaryotes

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18
Q

coccus/cocci

A

round

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19
Q

diplococci/diplocilli

A

remain in pairs after dividing

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20
Q

bacillus

A

rod shape

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21
Q

sarcinae

A

in cube-like groups of 8

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22
Q

tetrads

A

in groups of 4’s

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23
Q

streptococci/streptobacilli

A

remain in chains after dividing

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24
Q

spirochetes

A

helical shape and flexible

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25
Q

coccobacilli

A

oval shaped rods, almost like cocci

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26
Q

vibrious

A

curved rods

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27
Q

staphylococci

A

in grape-like clusters

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28
Q

spirilla/spirillum

A

helical shaped like a corkscrew, rigid bodies

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29
Q

made of 2 regularly alternating sugars, NAG (N-acetylglucosamine) and NAM (N-acetylmuramic acid) attached to amino acid crossbridges

A

peptidoglycan

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30
Q

space between the cell membrane and outer membrane in a gram negative cell, contain water, nutrients, digestive enzymes and proteins

A

periplasmic space

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31
Q

if cell wall damaged/destroyed but cellular content remain surrounded by plasma membrane, usually spherical and can carry out metabolism

A

protoplast

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32
Q

Proteus and other general that can lose cell wall in response to penicillin or lysozyme and swell into irregular shaped cells, can live and divide without returning to walled state

A

L forms

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33
Q

when lysozyme applied to a Gram negative cell wall, not destroyed as much as in Gram positive, form the spherical structure, protoblasts and spheroblasts can rupture by osmotic lysis

A

spheroblast

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34
Q

2 layers, 1 end is polar, 1 nonpolar, middle is hydrophobic, surface hydrophilic

A

phospholipid bilayer

35
Q

proteins arranged like tiles and free to flow laterally within membrane

A

fluid mosaic model

36
Q

allows some substances to cross and not others

A

selective permeability

37
Q

infoldings in plasma membrane with enzymes and pigments for photosynthesis

A

chromatophores

38
Q

movement down concentration, no energy required

A

passive diffusion

39
Q

need a pathway for diffusion, usually an integral protein

A

facilitated diffusion

40
Q

diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane

A

osmosis

41
Q

uses carrier proteins, requires ATP, gates channels/pores are controlled

A

active transport

42
Q

moves 1 substance at a time (active transport)

A

uniport

43
Q

moves 2 chemicals in opposite directions (active transport)

A

antiport

44
Q

2 chemicals move together (active transport)

A

symport

45
Q

active, only in some prokaryotes, substance transported is chemically changed during transport

A

group translocation

46
Q

internal network of fibers, cells basic shape, lacking in sphere shaped prokaryotes, simple in rod shaped

A

cytoskeleton

47
Q

includes cytosol (fluid) + inclusions, ribosomes, cytoskeleton

A

cytoplasm

48
Q

glyocogen and starch granules, glycogen stains reddish brown with iodine, starch stains blue with iodine

A

polysaccharide granules

49
Q

small circular dsDNA molecules not connected to main chromosome, replicate independently

A

endospores

50
Q

large inclusions that stain red with certain blue dyes like methylene blue, collectively called volutin - represent reserve of inorganic phosphate, can be used in ATP synthesis

A

metachromatic granules

51
Q

deposits of lipid, starch, or compounds containing nitrogen, phosphate, or sulfur, magnetite in magnetobacteria, gas vesicles in many aquatic cyanobacteria, carboxysomes carry enzymes for carbon fixation

A

inclusions

52
Q

region of prokaryote containing cells DNA

A

nucleoid

53
Q

secretions which fuse with cytoplasmic membrane to do exocytosis

A

secretory vesicles

54
Q

receives/processes/packages large molecule for export from cell in sacs called secretory vesicles

A

golgi apparatus

55
Q

lipid synthesis/transport

A

sER

56
Q

single or multiple, contains most of genetic material in nucleoplasm, semi liquid matrix

A

nucleus

57
Q

ribosomes on surface, proteins made by ribosome inserted into lumen of ER and transported

A

rER

58
Q

ATP production

A

mitochondria

59
Q

lie at right angles near centrosome, centrioles have a 9+0 arrangement, part of cytokenesis, form cilia and flagella, function not fully understood

A

centrioles/centromere

60
Q

double membrane of phosopholipids bilayer with nucleopores to control import/export

A

nuclear envelope

61
Q

1 or more regions where RNA and ribosomes synthesized

A

nucleoli

62
Q

light harvesting organelle in photosynthetic eukaryotes, has 2 phospholipid bilayer membranes, 70s ribosomes, photosynthetic prokaryotes have photosynthetic lamellae instead

A

chloroplast

63
Q

continuous with outer membrane of nuclear membrane, hollow tubules in arrangement, transport/packing

A

ER

64
Q

inner membrane of 2 phospholipid bilayers, inner matrix contains small prokaryotic 70s ribosomes and circular DNA

A

cristae

65
Q

in animal cells, contain catabolic enzymes

A

lysosomes

66
Q

larger 80s with 60s and 50s subunits, may be attached to ER

A

ribosomes

67
Q

vesicles with oxidase and catalase, and many other enzymes to degrade poisonous metabolic wastes, especially in liver and kidney cells

A

peroxisomes

68
Q

large sacs to store/transfer chemicals, large vacuoles in plants/algae store starch/lipids/other substances

A

vesicle/vacuoles

69
Q

movement of eukaryotic cytoplasm to distribute nutrients and move cell

A

cytoplasmic streaming

70
Q

in eukaryotes, reverse of endocytosis to export substance

A

exocytosis

71
Q

membrane engulfs particle instead of group translocation, manipulate membrane around cytoskeleton

A

endocytosis

72
Q

not in prokaryotes; hairlike, 9+2 shafts and 9+0 in basal bodies

A

cilia

73
Q

different in eukaryotes than prokaryotes, have tubulin in chains to make microtubules, have 9 pairs of microtubules around 2 microtubules in the filament (9+2 filament) and no hook, the basal body has triplets of microtubules with no microtubule in the center (9+0 basal body)

A

flagella

74
Q

sticky, help anchor cells, strength, protection, in animal cells and not plants, not present with cell walls

A

glycocalyces

75
Q

for packing nuclear DNA

A

ribosomes

76
Q

What does LPS trigger?

A

fever, inflammation, shock, clotting in humans

77
Q

example of bacteria without a cell wall

A

mycoplasma pneumonia

78
Q

describe acid fast cells walls

A

have high concentration of hydrophobic wax mycolic acid, won’t gram stain, stained with carbofusion which penetrates when heated

79
Q

describe archaeal walls

A

no peptidoglycan, variety of special proteins and polysaccharides, will gram stain purple or pink

80
Q

What are chromatophores and what do they do?

A

infoldings in plasma membrane with enzymes and pigments for photosynthesis; glycoproteins and glycolipids on plasma membrane help lubricate cell and involved in cell to cell interactions

81
Q

Describe how concentration/electrical/electrochemical gradient work together.

A

gradient is driven by difference in concentration on 2 sides, electrical by voltage across membrane, and electrochemical is the electrical and chemical gradient together

82
Q

describe the eukaryotic flagella

A

structurally and functionally different than prokaryotes, cytoplasmic membrane surrounds flagellum, composed of tubulin in 9+2 pattern, anchored by a basal body which is 9+0, no hook, undulate rather than rotate, usually have them at one pole

83
Q

What is endosymbiont theory?

A

eukarote forms from phagocytosis of smaller aerobic prokaryotes by larger anaerobic prokaryotes, the smaller became the internal parasite that lost ability to exist independently but retained a portion of DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasmic membrane and explains 70s ribosome

Microbiology (10 decks)

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