L9-11

Question 1

3 phases of biological evolution

Answer 1

replication, variation, selection

Question 2

The memetic view

Answer 2

processes involved in cultural evolution that are parallel to those involved in genetic evolution

Question 3

How is a meme similar to a gene?

Answer 3

it is a unit of cultural transmission, ranging from a single word to a complex behavioral pattern, that propagates itself through imitation

Question 4

Replication in biological evolution vs cultural evolution

Answer 4

takes generations to emerge as it primarily relies on vertical transmission; rapid as it allows for vertical, horizontal, and oblique transmission

Question 5

How does variation occur in a meme?

Answer 5

new memes are produced through mutation (e.g. modification through misinterpretation, embellishment) or recombination

Question 6

2 characteristics of a meme

Answer 6

high fecundity (i.e. spreads fast) and initially high in fidelity (exactness) then low over time

Question 7

How does selection occur in a meme?

Answer 7

the most memorable memes (high rate of retention) are more likely to be spread to others

Question 8

5 factors that make a meme more likely to be retained in memory

Answer 8

easy communicability, survival/reproductive advantage, economic advantage, fear, positive affect

Question 9

When do babies exhibit a reliable response to acoustic stimulation?

Answer 9

28 weeks or ~7 months

Question 10

2 kinds of background noise (noise floor)

Answer 10

sounds fetuses hear in the uterus and other factors obscuring perception of external sounds

Question 11

Examples of sounds fetuses hear in the uterus

Answer 11

maternal respiration, cardiovascular and intestinal activity, physical movements

Question 12

Examples of factors obscuring the perception of speech

Answer 12

tissues and fluids surrounding fetal head; route of sound transmission into fetal inner ear; sensitivity of fetal hearing mechanism

Question 13

Sleep in Asian vs European cultures

Answer 13

greater sleep latency and problems, and co-sleeping; longer sleep time at night and more likely to sleep alone

Question 14

3 issues with the measurement of sleep problems

Answer 14

relies on subjective ratings; lack of objective or cross-culturally applicable definitions; lack of clarity regarding what counts as a sleep problem

Question 15

3 evidences FOR dangers of co-sleeping

Answer 15

majority of SIDs during sleep occur outside crib; bed-sharing associated with 5x higher likelihood of SIDS; associated with thermal stress, airway obstruction, and rebreathing of parental expired air

Question 16

3 evidences AGAINST the dangers of co-sleeping

Answer 16

SIDs have decreased as co-sleeping has increased; association between co-sleeping and SIDS commonly found along with other factors; cultures with more co-sleeping have fewer SIDS

Question 17

Recommendations for co-sleeping

Answer 17

no substance use prior to going to bed; babies should be placed on their backs; use stiff mattress, tight bed sheets, and beds with no crevices; avoid couches

Question 18

2 primary dimensions of parenting

Answer 18

responsiveness and demandingness

Question 19

Responsiveness

Answer 19

degree of warmth, support, and acceptance toward children

Question 20

Demandingness

Answer 20

degree to which parents are controlling and demanding

Question 21

4 types of parenting according to Baumrind’s typology

Answer 21

authoritarian, authoritative (ideal), permissive, rejecting-neglecting

Question 22

Authoritarian parenting

Answer 22

high demandingness and low responsiveness (e.g. strict rules, little open dialogue)

Question 23

Rejecting-neglecting parenting

Answer 23

self-centered; low demandingness and low responsiveness (e.g. disengaged, no support or monitoring)

Question 24

Authoritative parenting

Answer 24

child-centered; high demandingness and high responsiveness (e.g. high expectations, focus on emotional regulation)

Question 25

Permissive parenting

Answer 25

low demandingness and high responsiveness (e.g. few rules and limits)

Question 26

Benefits of authoritative parenting

Answer 26

autonomy, self-reliance, better school achievement, perceived parental warmth and acceptance

Question 27

Problem with Baumrind’s typology

Answer 27

based on Western ideas of the expression of warmth (explicit vs implicit)

Question 28

Jiao xun

Answer 28

parenting style that focuses on training child to be good members of society at the expense of oneself

Question 29

Effect of authoritarian parenting in different cultures

Answer 29

instills fear in and bad for academics of European American children (but not for other ethnic minorities); trains assertiveness in African American children

Question 30

Effect of authoritative parenting in different cultures

Answer 30

good for academics of European American children but no relation to other ethnic minorities

Question 31

Noun bias

Answer 31

children’s tendency to think more about, and in terms of, nouns rather than other kinds of words (e.g. verbs); biased toward languages that are noun-biased (e.g. English)

Question 32

How does acculturation occur?

Answer 32

exhibit plasticity after birth then engage in specificity and become specialists when entering adulthood

Question 33

3 inputs into the acculturation process

Answer 33

person (e.g. individual differences), group (e.g. insular preference), and context (e.g. responsiveness of host society)

Question 34

2 outputs from the acculturation process

Answer 34

psychological outcomes (e.g. mental well-being, degree of social adjustment) and cultural competence (e.g. fluency in dominant language, ability to make friends with people from dominant culture)

Question 35

2 factors that are positively associated with heritage identification

Answer 35

parent involvement and encouraging heritage language maintenance (negatively associated with mainstream identification)

Question 36

2 factors that are positively associated with mainstream identification

Answer 36

encouraging mainstream adoption and using the mainstream language at home (negatively associated with heritage identification)