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PSYC 307 > L2-L5 > Flashcards

L2-L5 Flashcards

1
Q

Who came up with the 5 academic definitions of culture?

A

Kroeber and Kluckhohn

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2
Q

5 academic definitions of culture

A

descriptive, historical, normative, structural, psychological

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3
Q

Descriptive definition of culture

A

all social activities in the broadest sense, such as language, marriage, property system, etiquette, industries, art, etc.

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4
Q

Historical definition of culture

A

total social heredity of mankind or, more specifically, a particular strain of social heredity (i.e. behaviors passed between generations)

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5
Q

Normative definition of culture

A

all standardized social procedures and customs, passed on socially, that form a people’s way of life

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6
Q

Structural definition of culture

A

a system or organization of interdependent values common to specific social groups, forming a pattern that is unique to each society

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7
Q

Psychological definition of culture

A

all results of human learned effort at adjustment to the environment we exist in

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8
Q

2 definitions of culture according to the textbook

A

kind of information and a group of individuals

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9
Q

Information definition of culture

A

any kind of information acquired from other members of one’s species through social learning that can influence an individual’s behavior

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10
Q

People definition of culture

A

a group of people who are existing within some kind of shared context

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11
Q

3 main challenges with distinguishing cultures

A

fuzzy or fluid boundaries; tendency to change over time; more within-culture variability (i.e. individual differences) than between

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12
Q

Assumption of general psychology

A

the mind operates according to a set of natural and universal laws independent from context or content

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13
Q

CPU metaphor in general psychology

A

the mind is perceived as a highly abstract central processing unit (CPU) that operates independently of the context within which it is thinking and the content it is thinking about

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14
Q

What mental processes do general psychologists focus on?

A

lower-level processes (e.g. visual perception, memory) that emphasize the need for strict experimental control

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15
Q

Assumption of cultural psychology

A

cultural meanings are intertwined with the way the mind operates; thinking involves context and content

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16
Q

What mental processes do cultural psychologists focus on?

A

higher-level processes that emphasize the importance of relaxing experimental control

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17
Q

Behaviorism

A

all human behaviors are what can objectively be measured as stimulus-response patterns

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18
Q

What 2 brain regions are most involved in the figure-line task?

A

left inferior parietal lobule (small lobe) and right inferior precentral gyrus

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19
Q

What function are the left inferior parietal lobe and right precentral gyrus associated with?

A

increased attentional control

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20
Q

Difference between the relative and absolute task in figure-line task

A

need to use contextual cues; ignore environmental information and focus on one specific element

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21
Q

What cultural group performs better on the relative task?

A

East Asians (showed less activation of the left inferior parietal lobule and right inferior precentral gyrus)

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22
Q

What cultural group performed better on the absolute task?

A

European Americans (showed less activation of the left inferior parietal lobule and right inferior precentral gyrus)

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23
Q

2 main conclusions from the figure-line task

A

culturally less familiar tasks require more attentional control; culture and the brain are intricately intertwined

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24
Q

4 levels of universality of psychological processes

A

nonuniversal, existential universal, functional universal, accessibility universal

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25
Q

Nonuniversal (cultural invention)

A

psychological process or cognitive tool that doesn’t exist in all cultures (e.g. the use of an abacus, numerical reasoning)

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26
Q

Existential universal

A

psychological process that exists in all cultures but not used to solve the same problems nor equally accessible across cultures; variation in function (e.g. criticisms could be perceived as derision or motivation)

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27
Q

Functional universal

A

psychological processes that exist in all cultures, are used to solve the same problems across cultures, but are more accessible to people from some cultures than others (e.g. use of punishment to encourage fairness)

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28
Q

Accessibility universal

A

psychological processes that exist in all cultures, are used to solve the same problems across cultures, and are accessible to the same degree (e.g. social facilitation)

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29
Q

Social facilitation

A

tendency to perform better on a simple or familiar task the more people one is surrounded with

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30
Q

WEIRD

A

Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic

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31
Q

Is culture inherent?

A

No; it isn’t a biological concept, rather it is learned

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32
Q

Color-blind (culture-blind) approach

A

emphasize similarities and ignore cultural differences to prevent discrimination

33
Q

Multicultural approach

A

appreciating and recognizing cultural differences

34
Q

What is the preferred cultural approach of minority groups?

A

multiculturalism

35
Q

Advantage of multiculturalism for minorities

A

greater ethnic identification and less perception of threat

36
Q

Disadvantage of color-blindness for minorities

A

compelled to hide or downplay one’s ethnic identity, which is mentally taxing

37
Q

What is the preferred cultural approach of majority groups?

A

color-blindness (which leads to strong dislike of minorities with strong ethnic identity)

38
Q

Outcome of multiculturalism with high vs low initial prejudice

A

worse interactions; better interactions

39
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

judging people from other cultures by the standards of one’s own culture

40
Q

Similarity between cultural psychology and cross-cultural psychology

A

both deal with the role of cultural processes on various aspects of human psychology

41
Q

Difference between cultural psychology and cross-cultural psychology

A

CCP compares across numerous cultures, looks for differences and universals

42
Q

Similarity between cultural psychology and sociology

A

both deal with the relationship between one’s cultural environment and one’s mental processes and behaviors

43
Q

Difference between cultural psychology and sociology

A

sociology focuses on large and abstract societal structures (e.g. social classes, govt institutions) and uses qualitative measures

44
Q

Similarity between cultural psychology and multicultural psychology

A

both involve studying how culture affects psychology at both individual and social levels

45
Q

Difference between cultural psychology and multicultural psychology

A

latter focuses on how people of different cultural backgrounds interact with each other within one geopolitical context

46
Q

3 types of biases in imitation

A

prestige bias, similarity bias, and conformist transmission

47
Q

Prestige bias

A

tendency to imitate those who have skills and are respected by others

48
Q

Similarity bias

A

tendency to choose who to imitate and learn from based on the target’s similarity to oneself

49
Q

Conformist transmission

A

tendency to learn from people who are engaging in behaviors that are more common compared with others

50
Q

Cultural transmission

A

transfer and acquisition of cultural information through social learning

51
Q

3 kinds of cultural transmission

A

vertical, horizontal, oblique

52
Q

2 factors that affect the relative importance of the kinds of cultural transmission

A

size and degree of industrialization of a society

53
Q

Vertical transmission

A

parents teaching cultural information to their children; primary form of socialization in small-scale societies

54
Q

Horizontal transmission

A

passing on cultural information between peers, usually people of the same generation

55
Q

Oblique transmission

A

passing on of cultural information from someone from an older generation to someone from a younger generation (excluding parent-child)

56
Q

Most common form of cultural transmission in hunter-gatherer societies

A

vertical transmission; horizontal and oblique transmission once past the toddler phase (e.g. cooperative rearing)

57
Q

Most common form of cultural transmission in industrialized societies

A

vertical and oblique transmission (due to formalized education, telecommunications)

58
Q

What is the main issue with cultural transmission?

A

assumes top-down approach although the reverse can be true

59
Q

3 cognitive capacities that facilitate cultural learning

A

mentalizing or ToM, ability to communicate using language, motivation to share experiences

60
Q

Theory of Mind

A

understanding that others have different beliefs, thoughts and perspectives than oneself

61
Q

Outcome of achieving a ToM

A

a revolution in cognitive skills

62
Q

How does ToM develop?

A

develops as a function of social interactions and playing with others throughout childhood

63
Q

Theory of cultural learning

A

ToM enables humans to engage in unique, species-specific forms of learning wherein different forms of learning emerge at distinct developmental stages each involving a revolution in cognitive tools

64
Q

Who proposed the theory of cultural learning?

A

Tomasello, Kruger, and Ratner

65
Q

What do infants focus on from birth to 9 months of age?

A

the physical world and objects presented; no attention is paid to the intention of the teacher

66
Q

Emulative learning

A

learner tries to figure out how the use of an object affects the environment and how to manipulate the object; common in human infants and non-human primates like chimps

67
Q

What functions do infants develop from 9 months to 4 years of age?

A

perspective taking, gaze following, joint attentional interactions, recognizing others as intentional agents; when true cultural transmission emerges

68
Q

What functions do infants develop from 4 to 6 years of age?

A

recognizes others as mental agents, starts referring to the mental states of others, engages in deception and instructed learning

69
Q

What functions do infants develop from 6 to 7 years of age?

A

recognize others as reflective agents, engages in drama and collaborative learning, able to reason based on some hypothetical other

70
Q

People as mental agents

A

we have independent thoughts and perceptions of the world that exist within our minds (though may not be correct)

71
Q

False-beliefs task

A

assesses a child’s ability to infer whether someone has mistaken beliefs

72
Q

Instructed learning

A

internalizes explicit instructions from a teacher or model and regulates own future behavior in a similar context through intersubjective dialogue

73
Q

Collaborative learning

A

transactive discussions wherein participants engage in joint planning to solve a problem and co-create new cultural information; key for development of moral reasoning skills

74
Q

Imitative learning

A

learner internalizes the goal-directed behavioral strategies associated with an object and focuses on fulfilling the goal of the model

75
Q

Gene-culture coevolution

A

the interaction of culture and genes

76
Q

When is imitative learning more likely to occur?

A

demonstrator is warm and nurturing, an authority figure, or has been rewarded for their behavior; situation is ambiguous or unfamiliar; learner has been rewarded for previous imitative learning

77
Q

Evoked culture

A

humans have a biologically encoded database of behaviors that are activated in certain environmental conditions

78
Q

Transmitted culture

A

people learn about cultural practices through social learning or modeling

PSYC 307 (11 decks)

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