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PSYC 307 > L26-L28 > Flashcards

L26-L28 Flashcards

1
Q

3 predictors of attraction

A
  1. physical attractiveness
  2. personality traits
  3. socially-oriented processes
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2
Q

3 universal aspects of physical attractiveness

A
  1. clear complexion
  2. bilateral symmetry
  3. average features

  • very high correlation between cultural groups regarding perceived attractiveness of different targets
  • based on evolutionary psychology (physical health = attractiveness)
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3
Q

Clear complexion

aspect of physical attraction

A
  • skin signals health more directly than most visible aspects
  • clearer faces > less clear faces
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4
Q

Bilateral symmetry

aspect of physical attraction

A

not as strong of a predictor as complexion (smaller effect size) as human faces are rarely perfectly symmetrical but high asymmetry signals health issues

e.g. genetic mutations, pathogens, stressors in the womb

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5
Q

Average features

aspect of physical attractiveness

A
  • large deviations from average features are seen as less attractive
  • average features are less likely to contain genetic abnormalities

Examples:
* morphed faces even out asymmetry, extreme features, deformities
* Eurasian faces are perceived as more attractive and healthier

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6
Q

Gene vs. allele

genetic fitness explanation

A
  • gene: segment of a chromosome that codes for a function
  • allele: alternate forms of a gene (homozygous or heterozygous)
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7
Q

Genetic fitness explanation for average features

aspect of physical attractiveness

A
  • more heterozygosity when people from different geographical locations produce offspring
  • thus, more resistance to infections, mutations, etc. and more survivability
  • more survivability associated with higher attractiveness
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8
Q

4 personality traits that predict attraction

across cultural environments on all 6 continents

A
  1. emotional stability
  2. dependability
  3. kindness
  4. intelligence
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9
Q

2 socially-oriented predictors of attraction

i.e. aspects of social interactions that increase attraction

A
  1. propinquity effect
  2. similarity-attraction effect

human attraction, as well as appraising the suitability of a partner (romantic or platonic), is a social process!

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10
Q

Propinquity effect

socially-oriented predictor of attraction

A
  • tendency to form interpersonal relationships with those we encounter more often (whether romantic or not)
  • due to mere exposure effect
  • primarily works for people for whom we initially had lightly negative, neutral, or positive impressions

mere exposure > greater attraction

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11
Q

Similarity-attraction effect

socially-oriented predictor of attraction

A
  • tendency to become attracted to others if they share many similarities with us
  • usually associated with independent self-construal

similarity plays a bigger role for important issues than for less important issues

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12
Q

4 basic elements of sociality

A
  1. communal sharing
  2. authority ranking
  3. equality matching
  4. market pricing

  • all relationships are based on one or more of these elements
  • these elements are universal but some variability exists
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13
Q

Communal sharing

element of sociality

A
  • a common identity is formed based on something socially meaningful (e.g. loving dogs)
  • pooled resources for everyone to use
  • strongest groups are created via consubstantial assimilation
  • high level of compassion for each other’s suffering (attack on one = attack on all)

usually have no explicit record of who’s contributing/taking away from pooled resources

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14
Q

Consubstantial assimilation

communal sharing

A

people in a group are perceived as sharing some aspect of their bodies, either in literal (e.g. genes) or metaphorical form (e.g. initiation rituals like blood pact)

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15
Q

Authority ranking

element of sociality

A

hierarchical ordering of members, leading to asymmetrical relationships with a lot of status differentiation

e.g. military and police forces

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16
Q

Status differentiation

authority ranking

A
  • those with higher ranking have more privelege and prestige, and are entitled to more resources
  • those with lower ranking are entitled to protection and care from those with higher ranking (which incentivizes them to stay in rank)

higher rank commands lower rank while lower rank obeys higher rank

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17
Q

Equality matching

element of sociality

A
  • relationships are based on reciprocity and balance
  • contributions are tracked and turn-taking is necessary to ensure equality matching
  • “an eye for an eye”

found in traditional subsistence societies

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18
Q

Market pricing

element of sociality

A
  • emphasizes reciprocity and balance through monitoring
  • NOT reciprocity in kind and does not entail turn-taking
  • instead, relies on arbitrary symbols (i.e. a currency) for interactions on the same turn

e.g. $10 for a goat

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19
Q

Chaebol

South Korean form of business organization

A
  • a collection of corporations in different domains under one name (i.e. one family)
  • runs on a hierarchy with a chairman and executives at the top
  • superiors are supposed to act fatherly to workers (i.e. loving but stern)
  • important to foster a sense of family within the company (e.g. mixing life inside and outside work)

e.g. Samsung has electronics, life insurance, medical centers, etc.

20
Q

Simpatía

in Latin cultures (primarily Latin American countries)

A
  • emphasis on social harmony and interpersonal attention to allow for smoother social interactions
  • one who demonstrates simpatía is simpatico

  • interpersonal attention: paying attention to what others are thinking and feeling
  • simpatico: an adjective that describes someone who demonstrates empathy
21
Q

How does simpatía differ from East Asian cultural contexts?

A
  • bosses from Latin cultural contexts pay more attention to the goals of subordinates
  • workers pay more attention to the emotional state of other workers and cooperate more

Latin cultural contexts have a more positive ideal affect and a combination of independent and interdependent self-construal

22
Q

How is romantic love evolutionarily advantageous?

this is universal!

A
  • romantic love encourages sexual intercourse, which allows for procreation
  • acts like a glue that binds partners together to provide care for the baby throughout development
23
Q

How have perspectives on love and marriage changed over time?

hint: change is not universal

A

people from collectivistic cultural contexts (e.g. India and Pakistan) increasingly perceive the necessity of romantic love in marriage

historically
* love and marriage did not mix (e.g. love being perceived as a reciprocity of the soul and marriage a contract)
* love is associated with negative consequences (e.g. unrequited, tragedies like suicide or death of lovers)

24
Q

Different perceptions of love across cultural contexts

Hong Kong and Mainland China vs. US

A
  • 69% of Chinese and HK love songs (vs. 37% of US songs) indicate negative outcomes of love
  • 69% of Chinese and HK love songs (vs. 40% of US songs) indicate suffering as a consequence of love (e.g. sorrow, sadness, pain)
25
Q

4 kinds of marriage systems across human history

A
  1. monogamy: most common
  2. polygyny: allowed by most preindustrial socities
  3. polyandry: in a few societies, usually in regions with scarce resources (e.g. fraternal polyandry)
  4. polygynandry: in religious enclaves and regions with extremely scare resources (e.g. Indian-Himalayan region)

polygynandry allows for more diversification of domestic economic activities (e.g. Indian-Himalayan region)

26
Q

In-group vs. out-group

A
  • group with whom we share a sense of belonging or feeling of identity (i.e. “us”)
  • group with whom we see dissimilarity or lack of familiarity (i.e. “them’)
27
Q

Independent self-construal

A
  • easy for in-group to become out-group (and vice versa)
  • in-groups have fewer demands on individuals
  • individuals focus on personal goals and feel less commitment to in-groups
28
Q

Interdependent self-construal

A
  • stable border between in-group and out-group
  • in-groups place great demands on individuals
  • focus on group goals and harmony, often by suppressing individual goals
  • feel more commitment to in-groups
29
Q

2 domains in which self-construal impacts group relations

independent vs. interdependent

A
  1. day-to-day interactions
  2. attitudes toward in-groups vs. outgroups
30
Q

How does self-construal impact day-to-day interactions?

independent vs. interdependent

A
  • higher independent self-construal = more interaction partners, more interactions, more time
  • higher interdependent self-construal = speak to fewer people to whom they feel closer to (i.e. in-group members)
30
Q

3 kinds of behaviors that reflect attitudes toward in-group vs. out-group

depending on self-construal

according to Triandis et al.

A
  1. subordination
  2. superordination
  3. dissociation

Evidence comes from:
* nature of interactions with in/out-group
* comformity with in/out-group
* cooperation with in/out-group

30
Q

Social distance

A

perceived psychological distance from others

  • small = closer to in-group
  • large = closer to out-group
31
Q

Subordination

A
  • showing deference to interaction partner
  • not asserting oneself over interaction partner
  • entailing cooperation

  • US participants show equal subordination to in-group and out-group members
  • Chinese participatns shoe more subordination to in-group members
32
Q

Superordination

A
  • asserting oneself over interaction partner
  • demonstrating superiority

  • US participants show equal superordination to in-group and out-group members
  • Chinese participants show more superordination to out-group members
33
Q

Dissociation

A

engaging in behavior that repels interaction partner (e.g. avoiding them, being rude, stealing resources from them)

  • US participants show nearly equal dissociation to in-group and out-group members
  • Chinese participants show more dissociation to out-group members
34
Q

Conformity

A

social influence in which individuals change attitudes or behaviors to match with perceived norms

traditionally studied using the Asch line test
* examines whether participant conforms to answer of confederates on which line matches exemplar

35
Q

2 factors that increase conformity

Asch line test

A
  1. Number of confederates: more confederates = more likely to conform
  2. Level of unanimity: holding group size constant, more united confederates = more likely to conform
36
Q

Findings on conformity and non-conformity

based on meta-analysis across East Asian, African, South American, North American, and European samples

A
  • greater collectivism = greater conformity
  • non-conformity among non-Western participants usually when confederates are perceived as out-group members
  • more recent the publication in US = less conformity
37
Q

Cooperation

A

the ability to work together toward common goals

  • essential for efficient functioning and survival of social groups
  • often studied using economic games
38
Q

General assumption about link between culture and cooperation

A
  • individualism/independence is associated with more competitiveness
  • collectivism/interdependence is associated with cooperation among individuals
39
Q

Prisoner’s dilemma

economic game to assess cooperation

A

You and your partner have 2 options: betray (competitive choice) or stay silent (cooperative choice)
* betray each other = both receive moderate punishment
* you betray partner but partner stays silent = partner gets all the blame
* both stay silent = both receive lighter punishment

  • best individual strategy is to be competitive but best collective strategy is to cooperate
  • game can be played using different variables (e.g. money, goods)
40
Q

Findings on effect of cultural priming on cooperation

among bicultural people (American Chinese)

A
  • American prime: less cooperative with both friends (in-group) and strangers (out-group)
  • Chinese prime: more cooperative with friends but less cooperative with strangers
  • Neutral prime: overall high cooperation

  • evidence for cultural mixing in bicultural people
  • similar patterns of cooperation among Chinese and Mexican-American vs. Euro-American
41
Q

Trust

and its 2 kinds (unrelated to in/out-group)

A
  • one’s confidence that interaction partner will cooperate
  • kinds: personalized and depersonalized
42
Q

Personalized trust

A
  • trust given to someone because partner is connected (in)directly to you
  • trust is reserved for people in your network
  • driven by monitoring

  • monitoring: ability to get information about people connected to your network
  • associated with interdependent self-construal
43
Q

Depersonalized trust

A
  • trust given to someone because partner shares group membership with you
  • trust is reserved for people in the same category (e.g. Swiftie, Canucks fan)
  • monitoring unimportant

associated with independent self-construal

PSYC 307 (11 decks)

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