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PSYC 307 > L15-L17 > Flashcards

L15-L17 Flashcards

1
Q

3 principles from anthropology

regarding nature of problem-solving around the world

A
  1. humans face the same problems regardless of where they’re located
  2. there’s a set number of solutions for every problem and communities arrive at the solution that works best for them
  3. every community is capable of making use of all solutions but have an inherent preference
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2
Q

What are cultural values?

A

guiding principles for how people in certain cultural environments interact with their physical and social environment

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3
Q

How are cultural values studied?

A

value dimensions

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4
Q

Kluckhohn and strodtbeck’s 4 value dimensions

A

time orientation, nature orientation, human nature orientation, relational orientation

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5
Q

3 alternative time orientations

where in the chronological timeline do people focus on?

A

past, present, or future

  • past: cultures with a strong emphasis on ancestor worship
  • present: focusing on the here and now (e.g. substance users)
  • future: Muslim girls tend to have better academic achievement than Muslim boys of the same age
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6
Q

3 alternative nature orientations

our place in the universe and how we interact with the physical environment

A

subjugation to, harmony with, or mastery over nature

  • subjugation: accept fate and deal with natural forces as they exist (e.g. homeless)
  • harmony: we are an extension of the environment (e.g. indigenous)
  • mastery: we can and should exert power over the environment (e.g. drilling holes into mountains to create tunnels)
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7
Q

3 alternative human nature orientations

A

good, evil, or mixed

  • Good (Confucius): believes that everything in the world is created by energy and we need to maintain goodness through reading literature
  • Evil: a liberating belief system for Confucians as constant cultivation of goodness is not needed as religion can save you (e.g. baptism washes away sin)
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8
Q

3 alternative relational orientations

the nature of relationships between people

A

collateral, lineal, or individualistic

  • collateral: power-sharing and prioritizing the welfare of the group over oneself’s
  • lineal: decisions are made by those with higher status
  • individualistic: decisions are made by oneself for oneself
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9
Q

Hofstede’s 5 value dimensions

A

power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, individualism, indulgence

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10
Q

Power distance

A

Whether people in a group, particularly those who are at the bottom of society, accept and expect unequal distributions of power in society

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11
Q

Examples of high power distance

A

Rampant corruption, political scandals common, uneven distribution of wealth and income, children taught to respect authority

found in Eastern European and Southeast Asian countries

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12
Q

Examples of low power distance

A
  • low rates of corruption
  • equal distribution of wealth and income
  • children are given more autonomy

less concentration of power

found in Western European and English-speaking countries

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13
Q

Uncertainty avoidance

A

Whether people in a group are comfortable with ambiguity and unstructured interactions

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14
Q

Examples of high uncertainty avoidance

A
  • different opinions seen as dangerous
  • emotional need for rules
  • belief that teachers are supposed to have all the answers

found in East Asian and South American countries

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15
Q

Examples of low uncertainty avoidance

A
  • tolerate different opinions and viewpoints
  • dislike rules and norms
  • teachers don’t need to know everything

found in English-speaking and Nordic countries

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16
Q

Masculinity

A

Whether men and women in a group have differentiated gender roles (i.e. men should be more assertive and ambitious, women should be more modest and caring)

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17
Q

Examples of high masculinity

A
  • maximum gender role differentiation
  • few women elected into politics
  • sexuality is highly moralized

found in Eastern European and Asian countries

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18
Q

Examples of low masculinity (i.e. feminine)

A
  • minimum gender role differentiation
  • many women elected into politics
  • sexuality is not a moral issue

found in Nordic countries

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19
Q

Individualism

A

whether people are integrated into cohesive groups rather than a loose collection of individuals

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20
Q

Examples of high individualism

A
  • strong emphasis for speaking one’s mind
  • feelings of guilt from breaking rules
  • primary relationships involve immediate family

found in many Western countries

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21
Q

Examples of low individualism (i.e. collectivism)

A
  • strong emphasis on maintaining harmony
  • feelings of shame from breaking rules
  • born into complex network of extended relationships

found in Central American and East Asian countries

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22
Q

Indulgence

A

Whether people in a group value or control gratification of one’s desires, and value happiness

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23
Q

Examples of high indulgence

A
  • great importance placed on freedom of speech
  • see personal life as controllable
  • more likely to remember positive emotions

found in Nordic and English-speaking countries

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24
Q

Examples of low indulgence (i.e. restrained)

A
  • little concern for freedom of speech
  • personal life seen through helplessness
  • less likely to remember positive emotions

found in Ex-Soviet countries

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25
Q

Self-schema

i.e. self-concept

A

cognitive schema (knowledge structure) that contains beliefs about the self called self-construals

has implications for how the self relates to other people and attainment of personal goals

26
Q

2 prototypical self-schemas

A

independent self-construal and interdependent self-construal

27
Q

Independent self-construal

Markus and Kitayama

A
  • main separation is between self and others
  • fluid-shifting between in-group and out-group
  • linked to individualism
28
Q

Interdependent self-construal

Markus and Kitayama

A
  • main separation is between in-group and out-group
  • in-group boundary more difficult to penetrate
  • linked to collectivism
29
Q

Definition of self in independent vs interdependent self-construal

Markus & Kitayama

A
  • free from social context
  • tied to social context
30
Q

Structure of self in independent vs interdependent self-construal

Markus & Kitayama

A
  • stable, bounded, unitary
  • variable, flexible, fluid
31
Q

Primary tasks in independent self-construal

Markus & Kitayama

A

uniqueness, self-expression, realization of internal attributes, promotion of personal goals

32
Q

Primary tasks in interdependent self-construal

Markus & Kitayama

A

fitting in, self-restraint, assuming one’s proper place, promotion of others’ goals

33
Q

Basis of self-esteem in independent self-construal

Markus & Kitayama

A

ability to express oneself and one’s internal attributes

34
Q

Basis of self-esteem in interdependent self-construal

Markus & Kitayama

A

ability to restrain oneself and maintain harmony with others

35
Q

What are differences associated with self-construals?

independent vs interdependent

A

self-descriptors, self-consistency, implicit theories of the self, self-esteem

implicit theory of self: how we perceive our attributes and whether we can change them

36
Q

Self-descriptors used in independent self-construal

A

abstract, global, stable attributes or traits

e.g. I am easy-going, fun-loving, extraverted

37
Q

Self-descriptors used in interdependent self-construal

A

social categories, affiliations, social roles

e.g. I am a student at Kyoto University and I am part of its Kendo club

38
Q

Self-consistency in independent self-construal

A

conformity perceived as a person being too immature to think for oneself, thus they are fake or ingenuine

39
Q

Self-consistency in interdependent self-construal

A

conformity seen as mature and insistence on non-conformity seen as immature, stubborn

40
Q

Implicit theory of the self in independent self-construal

Entity theory of self

A
  • perceive oneself as a stable and bound entity
  • abilities are fixed and reflect innate qualities
  • tendency to blame innate lack of ability for failures and completely withdraw from the task
41
Q

Implicit theory of the self in interdependent self-construal

Incremental theory of self

A
  • perceive oneself as malleable and fluid
  • abilities are malleable and can be changed with effort
  • tendency to blame lack of effort for failures and engage in more practice
42
Q

Personality

A

one’s characteristic pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior, along with accompanying psychological mechanisms

43
Q

Cross-cultural variability in personality

A
  • some languages pay a lot of attention to personality
  • many cultures don’t discuss the trans-situational stability of personality
  • simply an extension of Western indiviudalism

e.g. English has over 18000 personality words compared to other language

44
Q

Cross-cultural universality of personality

A
  • all cultural groups have terms that describe one’s enduring characteristics
  • personality exists in all cultures

may need to reconceptualize as something existing within relationships for certain cultures

45
Q

Lexical approach to personality

A

all important individual differences in personality are encoded in natural language

46
Q

4 steps in the lexical approach to personality

A
  1. look for all dictionary entries that are trait adjectives
  2. reduce list by eliminating synonyms, physical descriptors, temporary states, and unfamiliar terms
  3. assess the traits among participants
  4. factor analysis
47
Q

Factor analysis

A

how many facets or factors underlie a particular construct

e.g. terms (or trait adjectives) given similar ratings are probably related to one factor (or type of personality)

48
Q

5 factor model of personality

OCEAN

A

openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

  • O: intelligence and curiosity about the world
  • C: how responsible and dependable someone is
  • E: how active and dominant someone is
  • A: how warm and pleasant someone is
  • N: emotional instability and unpredictability
49
Q

How was universality determined in the 5 factor model of personality?

A

Using NEO-PI-R across 50 cultures:
1. yield 5 factors from traits adjectives in English
2. yield 5 factors from the same words in other languages

NEO Personality Inventory (Revised) was originally meant to assess levels of neuroticism, extraversion, and openness to experience

50
Q

5 factors of personality derived from Tagalog

using lexical approach

A

gregariousness, self-assurance, concern for others (vs egoism), conscientiousness, intellect

  • likes the company of others, talkative, humorous
  • assertive, brave, insensitive, not gullible
  • humble, generous, not violent
  • dependable, hardworking, religious
  • clever, inquisitive, sensible, talented
51
Q

How do the 5 personality factors from Tagalog correspond to OCEAN?

A
  • gregariousness and extraversion
  • self-assurance and neuroticism
  • concern for others and agreeableness
  • conscientiousness and conscientiousness
  • intellect and openness to experience
52
Q

2 indigenous Tagalog personality factors

A

temperamentalness and negative valence

  • emotional reactivity, hot-headedness, irritable
  • sadistic, social deviance, crazy
53
Q

What determines the cross-cultural universality of personality?

A

whether emic or etic measures are used to assess personality

54
Q

Emic vs etic measure

A
  • measure is created from within a culture and used to assess people from within the culture
  • created from one culture and exported for use in another (i.e. replicating factors in different cultural contexts)

  • etic = more universality
  • emic = more variability (e.g. lexical approach used in Tagalog)
55
Q

Self-esteem in independent self-construal

A
  • strong emphasis on having and maintaining high self-esteem
  • self-enhancement
  • motivated by desire to bolster self-image and demonstrate unique attributes

  • high self-esteem: thinking everything is great about oneself
  • self-enhancement: tendency to view oneself positively and socially desirably
56
Q

Self-esteem in interdependent self-construal

A
  • tied to social categories, affiliations, social roles
  • self-effacement
  • motivated by desire to fit in with others and self-improve

self-effacement: tendency to view selves in critical or disparaging manner

57
Q

Self-enhancement in independent self-construal

A
  • more emphasis on positive traits
  • avoid thinking about discrepancy between actual and ideal self
  • predictive of depression symptoms

also more self-deception

58
Q

Self-effacement in interdependent self-construal

A
  • more attention paid to negative traits
  • experience more discrepancy between actual and ideal self
  • not as concerned about actual-ideal discrepancy

also more image management

59
Q

3 compensatory strategies for self-enhancement

used to compensate for one’s own shortcomings to protect their ego

A

downward social comparison, discounting, external attributions

  • comparing oneself to those worse off
  • downplay importance of the attribute
  • attribute failures to others rather than oneself
60
Q

What are the proposed benefits of self-enhancement?

A

more ambition; ignore adversity; better physical health

61
Q

Which cultural group is high in self-enhancement?

studied using Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale

A

European Canadians, compared to East Asians and others

East Asians adopt modesty norms, wherein they are socialized to be more modest

PSYC 307 (11 decks)

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