Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 307 > L21-23 > Flashcards

L21-23 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of low SES

A
  • more present-oriented and less future-oriented
  • more pessimistic about future
  • greater external mortality risk
  • greater impulsivity (e.g. behaviors with immediate benefits)

external mortality: more likely to die due to environmental factors

engage in behaviors that are perceived to exacerbate situation (e.g. smoking and drinking)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bandwidth

and its 2 components

A

capacity of our brain to do things
1. cognitive capacity: amount of space in brain (e.g. short-term memory)
2. executive control: processes that enable us to perform goal-directed behaviors (e.g. behavioral inhibition)

involuntary tendency to focus on our lack of resources in immediate capacity (not inherent capability), which captures our attention and impedes our bandwidth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is used to test cognitive capacity in bandwidth?

A

Raven’s progressive matrices

identify which pattern goes in the lower right corner

a culture-free test of intelligence that assesses the ability to detect patterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is used to test executive control in bandwidth?

A

behavioral inhibition task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Results of low vs high SES in bandwidth tests

raven’s matrices and executive control

A
  • low SES did poorly in the hard condition but well in the easy condition (13-14 IQ points or almost 1 SD difference)
  • high SES did well in both conditions (no significant difference)

high SES had enough resources so they didn’t need to dedicate bandwidth to make a decision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an emotion?

A

a psychological and physiological state in response to some stimulus

  • psychological state consists of a subjective component (feelings) and a cognitive component (thoughts)
  • physiological state is the body’s reactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

2 primary theories of emotion

A

James-Lange theory of emotion and two-factor theory of emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A
  • antecedent event (i.e. stimulus) triggers physiological changes
  • we recognize what the changes are telling us and come up with an emotion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are physiological responses?

according to James-Lange theory of emotion

A

products of the autonomic nervous system (i.e. triggered automatically) that are designed to indicate proper reactions that facilitate survival

have survival value

e.g. heart rate increase, trembling, sweating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

according to James-Lange theory of emotion

A

by manipulating physiological changes (i.e. distinct facial expressions), one can produce distinct emotions

e.g. shaping your lips to look like your smiling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Assumption made in James-Lange theory of emotion

A

all emotions have a unique set of physiological changes BUT physiological changes don’t always convey unique emotions

e.g. heart rate increase, trembling, and sweating can convey fear, anxiety, excitement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Two-factor theory of emotion

A

emotions are a combination of our physiological changes and our cognitive appraisals (i.e. interpretations) of them

  • more than just looking into physiological changes
  • could lead to misattribution of arousal (e.g. excitement due to movie or date?)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Main difference between James-Lange and Two-factor theories of emotion

A
  • predicts emotions should be universal due to physiologicals similarities of humans
  • predicts cultural variability in emotions because different experiences may lead to different interpretations of physiological responses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

4 lines of evidence for emotional universality

A
  1. emotional antecedents
  2. physiological responses associated with emotions
  3. emotional appraisal
  4. emotional expression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Emotional antecedents

A

events that lead up to, or elicit, certain emotions

substantial overlap across cultures in emotional consequences of various antecedents (e.g. death results in grief; perceived injustice results in anger; potential harm results in fear)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

3 physiological responses associated with emotions

A
  1. ergotropic
  2. trophotropic
  3. felt temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ergotropic physiological responses

A
  • fight-or-flight system
  • reflect actions of the sympathetic nervous system
  • prepares your body to expend energy

e.g. cardiovascular activity, muscular reactivity, perspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Trophotropic physiological responses

A
  • reflect actions of the parasympathetic nervous system
  • more about relaxing muscles
  • often happens after ergotropic responses

e.g. gastric disturbance, crying and sobbing

19
Q

Felt temperature

A

temperature that one feels in their bodies when they are experiencing emotions

but internal temperature isn’t actually changing

20
Q

Emotional appraisal

3 dimensions

A

people appraise antecedents along three dimensions by engaging in stimulus evaluation checks

21
Q

What appraisals is anger vs happiness associated with?

along 3 dimensions on a stimulus evaluation check

A
  • anger: low expectedness, pleasantness, and fairness
  • happiness: high and low expectedness, high pleasantness and fairness
22
Q

2 lines of evidence for emotional variability

A
  1. variability of emotional expressions
  2. variability of emotional lexicon
23
Q

Display rules

variability of emotional expression

A
  • culturally-specific rules that govern appropriateness and intensity of facial expressions, and even “ritualized” displays
  • learned early in life, become cemented and automatic in adulthood

ritualized displays: emotional expressions that only exist in specific cultural contexts

24
Q

6 display rules

variability of emotional expression

A
  1. amplification
  2. deamplification
  3. neutralization
  4. simulation
  5. masking
  6. qualification
25
Q

Amplification vs deamplification

display rule for variability of emotional expression

A
  • emotional expression is supposed to be stronger than your emotional experience
  • emotional expression is supposed to be more muted than your emotional experience
26
Q

Neutralization

display rule for variability of emotional expression

A

no emotional expression despite feeling real emotion

27
Q

Simulation

display rule for variability of emotional expression

A

display emotional expression despite no emotional experience

e.g. reacting to what someone is saying so as not to appear rude but actually not caring

28
Q

Masking

display rule for variability of emotional expression

A

when your emotional expression is not matching your emotional experience

common in people with depression

29
Q

Qualification

display rule for variability of emotional expression

A

multiple emotional expressions simultaneously due to an emotional experience combined with something else

  • different from affect blend (experiencing multiple emotions and expressing them simultaneously)
  • typically different expression in each half of face (e.g. Nigawarai)
30
Q

Cultural variability of display rules

A
  • control-oriented display rules (deamplification, masking, neutralization, qualification) common in East Asian-collectivism
  • amplification common in individualism and South American-collectivism
31
Q

Variability of emotional lexicon

evidence for emotional variability

A
  • some languages have unique words for unique emotions
  • some debate on whether such differences are meaningful with important consequences for emotional experience

i.e. does not having a word for an emotion affect our emotional experience?

32
Q

Hard vs soft version of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

i.e. linguistic relativity

explains variability of emotional lexicon

A
  • hard: language determines how we think, and our experience (not the case!)
  • language affects how we think, but is not deterministic (true!)

language gives us the words to think about, remember, and articulate ideas and experiences

33
Q

2 perspectives of emotion

A
  1. evolutionary theories
  2. appraisal theories
34
Q

Evolutionary theories

A
  • focused on universality (similarities across cultures and species)
  • emotions are hardwired, automatic responses tied to our nervous system that are important for survival
  • culture plays minimal role in emotions
  • physiological changes are antecedents to emotions, not consequences

e.g. James-Lange theory of emotion

35
Q

Appraisal theories

A
  • allows for universality in biological features but cultural variability of evaluative process
  • also allows for individual variability in appraisals
  • culture plays an important role in emotional experience due to influence on appraisals and interpretations
36
Q

Biocultural model of emotion

A
  1. input from event that passes through appraisal center enters core system
  2. biological core system scans information from environment to find patterns matching pre-determined situations
  3. triggers response tendencies (facial expressions and autonomic responses)
  4. subjective experience is formed and display rules are applied

e.g. riding a rollercoaster may be appraised and recognized by the core system as either terrifying or exciting

37
Q

What does the biocultural model of emotion suggest about the impact of culture?

and 4 components of emotional complexity

A

impact of culture on emotions varies depending on the component of emotional complexity
1. aspects of emotion
2. type of emotion
3. emotional context
4. the individual

38
Q

Intensity

aspects of emotion

A

highly intense emotions flood the system, making it difficult to hide emotional responses

culture not likely to play an important role

39
Q

Culturally-based emotions

type of emotion

A

emotions that exist in particular contexts are less likely to be rooted in survival functions (unlike basic functions) and based more on socialization

culture plays an important role

40
Q

Cues for emotional expressions and cultural identification

emotional context and the individual

A
  • presence of cues within cultural context indicating appropriate emotional expressions
  • impact of cues depends on extent to which the individual identifies with a certain cultural environment
41
Q

Historical heterogeneity

A

extent to which a country’s modern population comes from migration from other countries in the last 500 years

42
Q

Low historical heterogeneity

A
  • country’s present-day population is sourced from its own country (or from very few countries) since 500 years ago
  • more certainty in customs, beliefs, values, intentions

results in implicit understanding (less explicit information required) and reliance on high context cultures

43
Q

High historical heterogeneity

A
  • country’s present-day population is sourced from many countries over the last 500 years
  • more uncertainty in communicating emotional states, which hinders cooperation

low context cultures so more explicit information required

44
Q

Emotional expressivity of people with high historical heterogeneity

adaptive over-expressivity

A
  • more expressive in facial expression and body language
  • produce emotional expressions that are more accurately recognized by others

people with low historical heterogeneity have more deamplified expressions so they are less likely to be understood by people outside their immediate context

PSYC 307 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions