Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 307 > L12-L14 > Flashcards

L12-L14 Flashcards

1
Q

3 approaches to generating research ideas

A

deduction, induction, abduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Deduction

A

top-down approach that is used to determine how existing general information can be applied to a specific instance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Steps in deduction

A

If P then Q; P, therefore Q

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Theory

A

overarching framework that organizes and explains phenomena and data; generates a hypothesis that test the boundaries of the theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hypothesis

A

a tentative statement about a relationship that may or may not be true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Prediction

A

specific statement regarding the expected outcome of a study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Induction

A

bottom-up approach that goes from an observation to a hypothesis to a theory or general expectation (may lead to logical errors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Abduction

A

used to identify the simplest and most probable explanation of a phenomena or observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Difference between abduction and induction

A

abduction does not lead into a theory or general explanation, rather it leads into an explanation for a specific observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Steps in abduction

A

If P then Q; Q, therefore P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Type of data in qualitative vs quantitative research

A

textual, narrative, personal experience; numerical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Goal of qualitative vs quantitative research

A

descriptive (to develop a good understanding of a phenomenon); to identify social regularities by comparing and contrasting different groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Type of research (or reasoning) in qualitative vs quantitative research

A

inductive (to induce a theory); deductive (to test a theory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Methods in qualitative vs quantitative research

A

unstructured or semi-structured questions; structured or closed-ended questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sample size in qualitative vs quantitative research

A

very small due to large amount of data gathered from each participant; large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Generalizability in qualitative and quantitative research

A

good if random sampling is used (equal chance of recruitment) and depends on ratio of sample size to population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

5 kinds of measures used in quantitative research

A

explicit, implicit, physiological, neurological, behavioral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explicit measures

A

asking participants to directly report their thoughts and emotions (e.g. self-report questions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Implicit measures

A

measures for attitudes over which participants have no conscious control (e.g. associations that imply racism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Neurological measures

A

use of neuroimagery techniques to determine neurological changes and the role of neural structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Behavioral measures

A

measures actual behaviors that are proxies for a psychological construct (i.e. conceptual dependent variable)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Physiological measures

A

measures the body’s automatic reactions to stimuli, excluding changes in the brain (e.g. galvanic skin response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Problems with the use of number scales in quantitative research

A

response biases (extremity bias or moderacy bias)

24
Q

Response biases

A

the systematic tendency to respond to questionnaire items on some basis other than the specific item content, which threatens the validity of cross-cultural comparisons

25
Q

Extremity bias vs moderacy bias

A

tendency to choose extreme options (common in Hispanics); tendency to choose middle options (common in East Asians)

26
Q

2 potential solutions to response biases

A

yes/no questions and forced-choice questions

27
Q

3 solutions for social desirability responding

A

administer questionnaire anonymously; use neutral instead of valenced items to describe both positive and negative characteristics; use a separate measure to assess tendency to engage in socially desirable responding

28
Q

2 motivations for socially desirable responding

A

self-deception (i.e. lying to oneself) and image management (common among East Asians)

29
Q

2 issues with the use of qualitative research in cultural psychology

A

researchers having no understanding of cultures; methodological equivalence

30
Q

Methodological equivalence

A

researchers must adapt procedures so that cultures understand them in the same way, even if it means using a slightly different one, as some (e.g. subsistence cultures) are less familiar with the research setting

31
Q

Consequence of not understanding cultures in qualitative research

A

making conclusions based on faulty information and assumptions

32
Q

How can researchers develop an understanding of cultures?

A

ethnographies and international collaboration

33
Q

Field research

A

cultural psychologists or anthropologists collect data in the field (anywhere that’s not a lab) to examine human psychology

34
Q

Ethnography

A

comprehensive collection of data and knowledge about a particular cultural group

35
Q

Indigenous peoples’ research

A

greater use of qualitative methods than current mainstream academia due to greater familiarity with expressing ideas qualitatively from the cultural practice of oral tradition

36
Q

2 qualitative methods used in indigenous peoples’ research

A

focus groups and talking circles

37
Q

Focus groups

A

use of unstructured or semi-structured questions allow for natural interactions among participants, although assertive speakers may dominate

38
Q

Talking circles

A

a more cultural practice with a strong emphasis on turn-taking and where everyone is treated with equal respect

39
Q

What do talking circles symbolize?

A

sharing, respect, continuous compassion for one another

40
Q

3 reasons for the lack of published indigenous research

A

mainstream psychology’s reliance on quantitative methodologies; lack of training in interpreting qualitative data; lack of indigenous researchers and recognition

41
Q

Two-eyed seeing approach

A

mixing Western research methods with indigenous worldviews, specifically Mi’kmaq

42
Q

What aspects of Western and Indigenous cultures are incorporated in the two-eyed seeing approach?

A

tools for breaking down and isolating mechanisms from western science; indigenous ways of knowing that emphasize relationships and patterns across generations through ancestral history

43
Q

What partnerships does the two-eyed seeing approach involve?

A

partnerships between elders, communities, and western-trained scientists

44
Q

Amalgamating methods

A

forms of communication, created by people within a cultural environment, that reflect their overall psychology

45
Q

Back-translation

A

a translator translates research material from language A to language B then another translator does the reverse (B to A), then the two versions are compared to identify any discrepancies

46
Q

Consensus method in translation

A

multiple bilingual arrive at a consensus

47
Q

Acquiescence bias

A

tendency to agree with most statements

48
Q

Reference group effect

A

tendency for people to evaluate themselves by comparison to others in their own culture, resulting in different standards across cultures

49
Q

Deprivation effect

A

tendency for people to value something more (e.g. personal safety) when it is lacking in their culture

50
Q

Occam’s razor

A

all else equal, the simplest theory tends to be correct

51
Q

What are factors of a cultural or psychological construct?

A

different underlying facets that all relate to one central construct

52
Q

Structural/construct equivalence

A

the structure underlying a psychological construct must be comparable across cultures

53
Q

Correlational design

A

the researchers measures all variables of interest (continuous) and has no control over any of them, thus can only look at relationships

54
Q

Quasi-experimental design

A

researchers measures the dependent variable as a function of naturally occurring groups (no random assignment)

55
Q

Situation sampling

A

method used in cross-cultural comparisons wherein situations generated by participants in more than one culture are presented to different groups of participants from multiple cultures

56
Q

Cultural priming

A

method used in cross-cultural comparisons wherein cultural ways of thinking are induced in people not enculturated by the cultural group

57
Q

Tightness-looseness

A

the degree to which a culture or society has strong social norms and low tolerance for people who violate those norms

PSYC 307 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions