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IASM > L7: Cells > Flashcards

L7: Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Reason for different types of cells

A
  1. Transcription regulation at promoter
  2. Epigenetic changes
    - Acetylation (activate gene transcription)/deacetylation (deactivate) of Histone
    - Methylation of DNA
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2
Q

Components of nucleus

A
  1. Nucleolus
  2. Nuclear membrane (double membrane)
  3. Heterochromatin
  4. Euchromatin (active in gene transcription)

Chromatin = DNA + histone

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3
Q

Function of nucleolus

A
  1. ribosomal RNA synthesis and transcription (ribosomal protein imported from cytoplasm)
  2. Processing and assembly of ribosomes

Prominent during interphase

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4
Q

Rough ER function

A

Protein synthesis, well-developed in secretory cell

Membranous sheets, tubular network

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5
Q

Smooth ER function

A
  1. Calcium storage and release (sarcoplasmic reticulum)
  2. Lipid metabolism and detoxification
  3. Steroid hormone production
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6
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A
  1. Modifications and packaging of proteins
    - Glycosylation
    - Proteolysis into active form
    - Sorting of protein for exocytosis
  2. Lysosome formation
  3. Recycling of cell membrane
  4. Lipid are only for incorporation into vesicles

(Cis (forming) and trans (exit) surface)

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7
Q

Nucleic acid staining

A

Basophilic, therefore stained by basic dye (blue dye / haematoxylin dye)

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8
Q

Mitochondria features

A
  1. Double membrane
    Outer: Permeable to many substances by non-specific channel proteins
    Inner: folded into cristae, contain respiratory chain enzymes
    Intermembranous space: Cytochrome C
    Matrix: Citric acid cycle enzymes, fatty acid oxidation, store calcium
  2. Circular DNA (maternal origin)
    Encodes proteins for oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial protein encoded by nuclear genes and transported into mitochondria
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9
Q

Types of cytoskeleton

A
  1. Microfilament (Actin) (最細)
  2. Intermediate filaments (structural)
  3. Microtubules (地鐵路軌) (最大)
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10
Q

Functions of Microfilament

A
  1. Cell movement
  2. Cytokinesis
  3. Microvilli
  4. Stress fibres

(actin: two forms: G-actin and F-actin)

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11
Q

Functions of Microtubules (present in all cells except RBC)

A
  1. Intracellular transport: movement of organelles, vesicles
  2. Chromosome separation (by microtubules from centrosome)
  3. Cilia

Alpha and beta: Microtubules
Gamma: Centrosome

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12
Q

Functions of intermediate filament

A

Structural support, cell shape and rigidity

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13
Q

Types of intermediate filament

A
    1. Tonofilament / Cytokeratin (epithelial cells)
    1. Desmin filament (muscle)
    1. Vimentin (fibroblasts)
      1. Neurofilament (neurone)
      2. Glial filament (GFAP) (glial cells)
      3. Nuclear lamin
  • = important
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14
Q

Microtubule motor protein

A
  1. Kinesins (towards +ve end)
  2. Dyneins (towards -ve end)

(火車在路軌)

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15
Q

Purpose of membrane fluidity

A

Allow lateral diffusion for membrane protein

Breaks and tears sealed spontaneously

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16
Q

3 types of membrane lipids

A
  1. Phospholipid
  2. Cholesterol (stabilise membrane mechanically)
  3. Glycolipid (outer side of membrane)
17
Q

Function of membrane proteins

A
  1. Transport molecules in and out
  2. Receptors for signalling
  3. Attach cells to ECM
  4. Attach cytoskeleton filament to cell membrane
  5. Enzymatic activity, cell attachment and communication
18
Q

Function of membrane carbohydrates (glycocalyx)

A
  1. Antigen (Cell type and blood group)
  2. Histocompatibility complex
  3. Adhesion
19
Q

4 types of endocytic vesicles

A
  1. Phagosomes (largest)
  2. Clathrin-coated vesicles
  3. Caveolae (smallest, high affinity to cholesterol)
  4. Uncoated vesicles
20
Q

Function of exocytosis

A
  1. Secretion (from trans face of Golgi)

2. Recycling of cell membrane

21
Q

What is endosome

A
  • Sorting compartment along endocytic pathway
  • Early, recycling, multivesicular, late endosome
  • Fuse directly with lysosome and low pH activate lysosomal acid hydrolases
  • Endosome pH affects the fate of transported ligand
22
Q

Describe nuclear membrane

A

Two concentric membrane
Outer: continuous with ER
Inner: attached to lamins of nuclear matrix

23
Q

Describe cell cycle

A
  • G1 —> S —> G2 —> M —> G1
  • G0 for non-dividing cells
  • Interphase: G1, S, G2
  • Regulated by cyclin dependent kinase (cdks) which is activated by cyclin
24
Q

Describe mitosis

A
  1. Prophase: condensed chromosome
  2. Prometaphase: break down of nuclear membrane, attachments of chromosome at kinetochore to spindle microtubules
  3. Metaphase: Alignment at equatorial plane
  4. Anaphase: Separation to two poles
  5. Telophase: Chromatids separate from microtubules, reformation of nuclear membrane
  6. Cytokinesis: Cleavage into two cells by aggregation of actin-myosin belt
25
Q

Describe Centrosome

A
  1. A pair of centrioles which located at spindle pole and organisation of spindle fibres
  2. Duplicate once each cell cycle
  3. Segregation of chromosome
26
Q

What are lysosome

A
  1. High content of acidic hydrolytic enzyme
  2. Numerous in macrophage and neutrophil
  3. From Golgi (primary), fusion with endosome (secondary), fusion with phagosome (phagolysosome)
27
Q

What are perixosomes

A

Contain oxidative enzyme for oxidative detoxification
Numerous in hepatocyte
Beta-oxidation to break down fatty acids

IASM (64 decks)

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