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IASM > L15: Vitamins And Minerals > Flashcards

L15: Vitamins And Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Macro minerals

A

Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, chloride, sulphur

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2
Q

How many essential minerals

A

20

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3
Q

Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency

A 
A: Night blindness, Xerophthalmia
D: Rickets, Psoriasis
E: Neurological deficits, peripheral neuropathy
K: Bleeding
F: Dry scaly rash, stunted growth
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4
Q

Water-soluble vitamin deficiency

A

These Rhythm Nearly Proved Proved Brother F Contagious

B1 (thiamine): Beri-beri
B2 (riboflavin): Glossitis
B3 (niacin): Pellagra
B5 (pantothenic acid): Fatigue
B6 (pyridoxine): Neuropathy
B7 (biotin): Dermatitis
B9 (folate): Neural tube defect
B12 (cobalamin): Anaemia
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5
Q

Mineral deficiency

A 
Sodium: dehydration
Calcium: brittle bones
Phosphorus: bad bones and teeth
Iron: anaemia
Iodine: goitre
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6
Q

Vitamin A function

A
  1. Vision
  2. Bone metabolism
  3. Immune function
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7
Q

Vitamin A metabolism

A

Retinol (vit A)/ Beta-carotene —> Retinal —> Retinoic acid —> bind to RAR/RXR receptor

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8
Q

Signs of xerophthalmia

A
  1. Bitot’s spots

2. Keratomalacia

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9
Q

One carbon metabolism

A

Important for amino acid and nucleotide metabolism:

B2 (riboflavin), B6 (pyridoxine), B9 (folate), B12 (cobalamin) are coenzyme

  1. DNA cycle: dTMP/DNA, purine
  2. Methylation cycle: Homocysteine —> Methionine
  3. Transsulfuration pathway: Cysteine
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10
Q

Vitamin D metabolism

A

Skin:
UVB: 7-dehydrocholesterol —> Cholecalciferol (D3)

Diet:
Ergocalciferol (D2)

Cholecalciferol / Ergocalciferol —> 25-hydroxyvitamin D (Liver) —> 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (Calcitrol) (Kidney)

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11
Q

Vitamin D function

A
  1. Promote absorption of Ca and Phosphate from intestine
  2. Promote reabsorption of Phosphate
  3. Promote release of Ca and Phosphate from bone

Deficiency:

  1. Hypocalcaemia
  2. Hyperparathyroidism —> excess PTH —> Increase phosphate loss, Decreased Ca deposition in bone
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12
Q

Vitamin K function

A

Blood clotting

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13
Q

Vitamin K epoxide cycle

A

Vitamin K quinol (Hydroquinone) is oxidised —> Vitamin K epoxide, in the oxidation process activate clotting factors

Vitamin K epoxide is reduced —> Vitamin K quinone —> Vitamin K quinol

Warfarin inhibit vitamin K epoxide reductase (prevent Vitamin K epoxide back to quinol) —> decrease availability of Vitamin K quinol (Reduced vitamin K)

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14
Q

Iodine function

A

Component of Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

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15
Q

Iron: heme vs non-heme protein

A

Heme: Myoglobin, cytochrome

Non-heme: Transferrin, ferritin

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16
Q

Iron toxicity

A
  1. Pituitary: Infertility
  2. Thyroid: hypothyroidism
  3. Heart: cardiac failure
  4. Liver: cirrhosis
  5. Pancreas: diabetes
  6. Gonads: hypogonadism
17
Q

Vitamin E function

A

Radical scavenging antioxidant: prevent propagation of chain oxidation in lipid peroxidation

IASM (64 decks)

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