L5 Effects of Massage Flashcards
mechanical effects of massage
movement of; lymph, venous blood, oedema, lung secretions
mobilisation of; muscle fibres, muscle belly, tendons, scar tissue tissue layers
physiological effects of massage
increase blood + lymph flow - increase nutrient supply to tissue and decrease oedema
stimulation of healing process
increase mobility - extensibility if connective tissue
facilitate or reduce resting muscle activity
pain relief
tissue fluid
filtered form of blood that bathes the body’s cells
how does fluid movement occur
occurs by diffusion or osmosis along pressure / conc. gradients
from high pressure to low
osmosis
– water flows up gradient from less concentrate to higher concentrate
what can’t pass through capillary membrane and why?
Plasma proteins in capillary but not tissue space
Capillary membrane is permeable to water but not proteins
lymph vessel properties
Lymph vessels are permeable to both mop up extra proteins in tissue fluid particularly after injury
Lymph vessels have some valves < venous system
how much tissue fluid returns to venous system and how much tissue fluid returns to lymph system
90% venous system
10% lymphatic system
stages of inflammation and repair
acute inflammatory phase
proliferative phase
remodelling phase
acute inflammatory phase
vasoconstriction
vasodilation
phagocytosis of neutrophil and monocytes
heat, swelling and redness in first 72 hrs
altered chemical state in tissue irritates nerve endings
how is acute inflammatory phase characterised
by tissue sensitivity
proliferative phase
fibroelastic infiltration
collagen formation - make and granulation and scar tissue to replace damaged tissue
48hrs
remodelling phase
contraction of scar -vascularity reduces -tensile strength of collagen increase -starts end of second week – up to 1 year
4 types of connective tissue
Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone and blood.
3 components of connective tissue
ground substance, fibres (collagen & elastin) and cells.
name the main supportive protein of connective tissue
collagen
how is connective tissue shortened and immobilised
as a result of being immobilised in shortened position or being moved only through limited ROM
how does soft tissue/connective tissue return to its original length
must be stretched Takes time (multiple sessions) to cause changes to collagen length
where in the body does joint mobility get impacted by shortening of collagen
Joint capsule,
Ligament,
Tendon
Muscle
how does muscle facilitation help
increase in fusimotor drive
tapotement
varies in depth, intensity and speed
how does massage have LOCAL analgesia affect
Fluid exchange & increase in circulation improves local chemical environment
decrease fluid pressure on nerve endings
increase soft tissue extensibility
decrease muscle spasm
how does massage have CENTRAL analgesia affect
Spinal segmental:
Pain gate theory
- Pressure impulses travel to dorsal horn of spinal cord via fast myelinated fibres
- Before pain impulses in slower unmyelinated fibres.
Bowsher (1988)
- Common mechanism in Manual Therapy e.g. Joint mobilisation
who originated the pain gate theory and when
melzack and wall in 1965
describe the gate theory
tiny neural networks distributed along the dorsal horn of the spinal cord are responsible for relieving the pain in a specific body location when an intense tactile stimulation is applied at the same place.
why would there need to be an immunological impact of massage
High intensity exercise leads to temporary immunosuppression
reduced Immunoglobulin A (IgA) -> increased susceptibility to infection
High-quality but preliminary evidence ‘supports the possibility that massage exerts immunological effects
explain how does evidence supports that massage has positive immunological effects
facilitating the recovery of immunoglobulin A
and ↓ presence of pro-inflammatory mediators generated by high intensity exercise.
explain psychological response to massage
Relaxation Relief of anxiety & tension / stress Immune response and stress reduction decrease anxiety may be better able to cope with pain increase general well-being
what hormones respond to massage
increase serotonin & dopamine
decrease cortisol levels (stress biomarker)
