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NMSKI > L36 Cancer > Flashcards

L36 Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

hyperplasia

A

controlled cell proliferation

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2
Q

neoplasia

A

uncontrolled cell proliferation

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3
Q

hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size in response to stimulus.

Weight lifters !

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4
Q

neoplasm

A

Uncontrolled cell proliferation leading to a

mass or nodule

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5
Q

classifications of neoplasms

A

benign
malignant - primary, secondary
primary malignancy - carcinoma(95%), lymphoma (3%), sarcoma (1%)

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6
Q

clinical presentation of benign neoplasm

A 
Lump
Bleeding
Mass Effect
- Git Obstruction
Pain
Incidentally
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7
Q

Types of malignant neoplasm

A 
Carcinoma
Lymphoma
Melanoma
Sarcoma
Others, e.g. Brain tumours
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8
Q

aetiology of cancer

A
  • Environmental factors

* Inherited factors

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9
Q

environmental carcinogenesis/factors

A
  • Infectious agents
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol
  • Dietary factors
  • Obesity
  • Oestrogen exposure
  • Carcinogens
  • Occupational
  • Ambient environment (UV radiation)
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10
Q

inherited factors

A

germline mutations

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11
Q

what percentage of cancers have no inherited familial bias/sporadic

A

95%

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12
Q

genes in carcinogenesis

A 
Protooncogenes 
Oncogenes
Tumour suppressor genes.
Repair genes 
Anti-apoptotic genes
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13
Q

proto oncogenes

A

Are normal genes that produce proteins that regulate cell proliferation.

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14
Q

oncogenes

A

genes that promote autonomous cell growth in cancer cells

• Mutated form of proto-oncogene

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15
Q

Tumour suppressor genes.

A

Suppress cell proliferation

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16
Q

repair genes

A

Repair genes during cell division

17
Q

how do carcinogens affect genes in carcinogenesis

A

alter the proto-oncogene and therefore alter its activity on cell proliferation and cause cancer inactivate tumour
suppressor genes thereby reducing their suppressive effects on cell growth and thereby allowing tumours to develop

18
Q

how do we diagnose malignant cancers

A
  • History & physical examination
  • Initial investigations
  • Radiology
  • Depending on symptoms
  • Pathology
  • Biopsy
  • Fluid
  • Fine Needle Aspiration
  • Resection
19
Q

dysplasia

A

Abnormal cells not involving the entire thickness

20
Q

cancer in situ

A

Abnormal cells involving the entire thickness

21
Q

invasive cancer

A

Abnormal cells extending into surrounding tissue

22
Q

carcinoma

A

Malignant tumour of epithelium

23
Q

Carcinomas are divided into

A
  • In situ (curable)

* Invasive

24
Q

classification of carcinoma

A
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma
  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Urothelial Carcinoma
  • Basal Cell Carcinoma
  • Undifferentiated Carcinoma
25
Q

classification of clinical presentation of malignant neoplasm

A
  • Effect of primary
  • Effect of metastasis
  • Effect of hormone secretion
26
Q

primary effect clinical presentation of malignant neoplasm

A
  1. Mass e.g. cancer of the breast
  2. Bleeding - Hemoptysis
    - Haematemesis
    - Melena
    - P.V. Bleeding
    - P.R. Bleeding
    - Fe Deficiency/Anaemia
  3. Loss of function e.g. fracture of bone
27
Q

microscopical features of neoplasia

A

Hyperchromasia
Mitoses
High N/C Ratio
Pleomorphism

28
Q

prognosis of neoplasm depends on

A 
Stage
Grade
Size
Site
Adequacy of treatment
29
Q

sites of metastasis

A 
Lymph Nodes 
Lungs 
Bone 
Liver 
Brain
30
Q

common examples of metastatic effects of malignant neoplasm

A 
Lymphadenopathy
Jaundice
Bone Pain Or Fracture
Cerebral Stroke
Pneumonia
31
Q

routes of tumour spread

A

Direct
Lymphatic
Blood vessel

32
Q

international TNM Classification - stage of cancer spread

A

T - Tumour Size/Spread
N - Nodes no.
M - Metastases no.

33
Q

treatment of malignant neoplasms

A

Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy Immunotherapy
Targeted therapy e.g. Herceptin

34
Q

sarcoma

A

Malignant tumour of connective tissue

35
Q

malignant melanoma attacks what cell

A

Melanocyte in dermis

36
Q

sites of malignant melanoma

A

Skin
Anal margin
Eye
Others

37
Q

physiotherapy issues in malignancy

A 
Pneumonia
Mobility Issues
Stroke
Lymphoedema
Limb amputation

NMSKI (38 decks)

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