L36 Cancer Flashcards
hyperplasia
controlled cell proliferation
neoplasia
uncontrolled cell proliferation
hypertrophy
Increase in cell size in response to stimulus.
Weight lifters !
neoplasm
Uncontrolled cell proliferation leading to a
mass or nodule
classifications of neoplasms
benign
malignant - primary, secondary
primary malignancy - carcinoma(95%), lymphoma (3%), sarcoma (1%)
clinical presentation of benign neoplasm
Lump Bleeding Mass Effect - Git Obstruction Pain Incidentally
Types of malignant neoplasm
Carcinoma Lymphoma Melanoma Sarcoma Others, e.g. Brain tumours
aetiology of cancer
- Environmental factors
* Inherited factors
environmental carcinogenesis/factors
- Infectious agents
- Smoking
- Alcohol
- Dietary factors
- Obesity
- Oestrogen exposure
- Carcinogens
- Occupational
- Ambient environment (UV radiation)
inherited factors
germline mutations
what percentage of cancers have no inherited familial bias/sporadic
95%
genes in carcinogenesis
Protooncogenes Oncogenes Tumour suppressor genes. Repair genes Anti-apoptotic genes
proto oncogenes
Are normal genes that produce proteins that regulate cell proliferation.
oncogenes
genes that promote autonomous cell growth in cancer cells
• Mutated form of proto-oncogene
Tumour suppressor genes.
Suppress cell proliferation
repair genes
Repair genes during cell division
how do carcinogens affect genes in carcinogenesis
alter the proto-oncogene and therefore alter its activity on cell proliferation and cause cancer inactivate tumour
suppressor genes thereby reducing their suppressive effects on cell growth and thereby allowing tumours to develop
how do we diagnose malignant cancers
- History & physical examination
- Initial investigations
- Radiology
- Depending on symptoms
- Pathology
- Biopsy
- Fluid
- Fine Needle Aspiration
- Resection
dysplasia
Abnormal cells not involving the entire thickness
cancer in situ
Abnormal cells involving the entire thickness
invasive cancer
Abnormal cells extending into surrounding tissue
carcinoma
Malignant tumour of epithelium
Carcinomas are divided into
- In situ (curable)
* Invasive
classification of carcinoma
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Adenocarcinoma
- Urothelial Carcinoma
- Basal Cell Carcinoma
- Undifferentiated Carcinoma
classification of clinical presentation of malignant neoplasm
- Effect of primary
- Effect of metastasis
- Effect of hormone secretion
primary effect clinical presentation of malignant neoplasm
- Mass e.g. cancer of the breast
- Bleeding - Hemoptysis
- Haematemesis
- Melena
- P.V. Bleeding
- P.R. Bleeding
- Fe Deficiency/Anaemia - Loss of function e.g. fracture of bone
microscopical features of neoplasia
Hyperchromasia
Mitoses
High N/C Ratio
Pleomorphism
prognosis of neoplasm depends on
Stage Grade Size Site Adequacy of treatment
sites of metastasis
Lymph Nodes Lungs Bone Liver Brain
common examples of metastatic effects of malignant neoplasm
Lymphadenopathy Jaundice Bone Pain Or Fracture Cerebral Stroke Pneumonia
routes of tumour spread
Direct
Lymphatic
Blood vessel
international TNM Classification - stage of cancer spread
T - Tumour Size/Spread
N - Nodes no.
M - Metastases no.
treatment of malignant neoplasms
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy Immunotherapy
Targeted therapy e.g. Herceptin
sarcoma
Malignant tumour of connective tissue
malignant melanoma attacks what cell
Melanocyte in dermis
sites of malignant melanoma
Skin
Anal margin
Eye
Others
physiotherapy issues in malignancy
Pneumonia Mobility Issues Stroke Lymphoedema Limb amputation
