L30

Question 1

What does penicillin target

Answer 1

The transpeptidase that forms the cross links in the peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria

Question 2

What do bacteria provide us with

Answer 2

Vitamins

Question 3

Ratio of bacteria to our mammalian cells

Answer 3

1:1

Question 4

What are the goals of the microbiome project?

Answer 4

to understand the different types of bacteria on our skin, changes in the microbiome and changes in our health

Question 5

Microbiome

Answer 5

The complete collection of microorganisms and genes within a particular envionrment

Question 6

Microbiota

Answer 6

Individual species in the biome - bacteria, fungi, archaea and viruses

Question 7

Imp parts of the heirarchy

Answer 7

Domain. genus, class, strain

Question 8

How many bacteria and archaeal phyla

Answer 8

92 bac and 26 archaeal

Question 9

Goals of the HMT

Answer 9

1. To develop a reference set of
   microbial genome sequences and
   to perform preliminary
   characterization of the human
   microbiome
2. To explore the relationship
   between disease and changes in
   the human microbiome
3. To develop new technologies and
   tools for computational analysis
4. To establish a resource repository
5. To study the ethical, legal, and
   social implications of human
   microbiome research

Question 10

How many species of microbes in the Human microbiome

Answer 10

10,000

Question 11

How many species found in the gut

Answer 11

500-1000

Question 12

Strong niche specialisation

Answer 12

Microbes found in the mouth are specialised to live in that envir

Question 13

What is different about the microbiomes from person to person

Answer 13

Each person has their own unique microbiome

Question 14

Correlation between strains and function

Answer 14

Different strains in different individuals but the metabolic function is consistent across individuals i.e the functions of the strains are similar

Question 15

What does the microbiome do for us?

Answer 15

a) Preventing pathogens from being successful
b) Block colonization niches
c) Competing for nutrients
d) Modifying environment to change virulence factor expression
e) Making environment actively hostile: Producing bacteroicins
(antimicrobial) & short chain fatty acids (SCFA)
f) Lowering pH
g) Cause host to thicken mucus layer
h) Cause host to upregulate antimicrobial peptides (defensin, IgA)
i) Primes host neutrophils and macrophages

Question 16

Which bacteria protect us from pathogens

Answer 16

Commensal bacteria as pathogens cant compete

Question 17

What do broad spec antibiotics do?

Answer 17

They destroy all bacteria - good and bad and our commensal bacteria may be affected

Question 18

Which bacteria dominate our body

Answer 18

*Firmicutes
* Bacteroidetes
* Actinobacteria
* Proteobacteria

We all have the same bacteria groups but different strains

Question 19

Why are there different organisms throughout the gut

Answer 19

Due to differences in pH, O2 levels which selects for different types of bacteria

Question 20

SCFAs

Answer 20

Short chain fatty acids, they regulate our and the bacteria’s metabolism and ward off pathogens

Question 21

How do the microbes in our gut help us?

Answer 21

Break down the indigestible stuff into endpros –> used by other bacteria to extract every last bit of E –> Endpros

Question 22

What can the microbiome influence

Answer 22

v synthesise vitamins including:
v B Vitamins: B1, B6, B5 [pantothenic acid], B7 [biotin], B9 [folic acid], B12
[cobalamin]
v Vitamin K
v modulate the immune response
v alter drug delivery

Question 23

What is a functional food

Answer 23

Does something besides provide energy that help our microbiome to combat disease

Question 24

What are probiotics

Answer 24

Live organisms eg LAB and Bifidobacteria that survive transit through the stomach and duodenum and could influence the microflora in the gut, mostly placebo effect because our microbiome is very specific so can outside bacteria influence

Question 25

What are prebiotics

Answer 25

Nutrients for the probiotics, fertiliser for them