Eukaryotic cells

Question 1

What are prokaryotes

Answer 1

Single celled organisms, mostly bacteria and Archaea, bacteria usually 1-5 micrometers long

Question 2

What are Eukaryotes

Answer 2

Multi-celled organisms, mostly 10-100 micrometers

Question 3

What do all cells have in common?

Answer 3

A selective barrier called a plasma membrane, DNA and ribosomes

Question 4

Where are the subcellular components of the cell?

Answer 4

In a semifluid, jellylike substance called the cytosol

Question 5

Difference between pro and Eu?

Answer 5

*Dna of Eu in a nuclear membrane found in nucleus, bounded by a double membrane. DNA of pro in a concentrated region without a membrane called a nucleoid. Pros have regions with specific interactions

Question 6

Interior of the cell

Answer 6

Cytoplasm

Question 7

What are the smallest bacteria called?

Answer 7

Mycoplasms, size between 0.1 and 1 micrometer

Question 8

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 8

Network of membranous sacs and tubes, involved in membrane and other metabolic synthesis and processes. Rough and smooth

Question 9

Nuclear envelope

Answer 9

Double membrane, perforated with pores, continuous with ER

Question 10

Nucleolus

Answer 10

nonmembranous structure involved in the production of ribosomes, can have one or more nucleoli

Question 11

Chromatin

Answer 11

Consists of DNA and proteins

Question 12

Golgi apparatus

Answer 12

organelle in charge of synthesis, modification, sorting and secretion of cell products.

Question 13

Lysosome

Answer 13

organelles where macromolecules are hydrolysed

Question 14

Peroxisome

Answer 14

Produces H2O2 as a by product which then gets converted into H2O

Question 15

Centrosome

Answer 15

region where centrioles are found, produces microtubules (other filaments immediate and microfilaments)

Question 16

Central vacuole

Answer 16

Found in plan cells, used for storage and breakdown of wastes and hydrolysis of macromolecules, enlargement of vacuole is crucial to plant growth

Question 17

Plasmodesmata

Answer 17

Cytoplasmic channels that run through cell walls and connects to other cells’ cytoplasms.

Question 18

sa:v ratio

Answer 18

As cell size increases, the v and sa increases. For multicellular organisms, the number of cells increase, this helps to also increase sa.

Microvilli aid in absorption of nutrient and O2

Question 19

What structures have the phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 19

Plasma, organelle, chloroplasts, mitochondria

Question 20

Describe a phospholipid bilayer

Answer 20

It has hydrophobic tails and protein membranes towards the inner membrane and the hydrophilic tails facing the aqueous solutions. There are carbohydrate side chains that are attatched to the proteins and lipids. Many enzymes are built into the membrane

Question 21

Mitochondria

Answer 21

Has two membranes, outer, intermembrane space, inner membrane, cristae (increases sa), mitochondrial matrix where enzyme to catalyse the process of ATP are found along with mtDNA and ribosomes. The enzyme for creating ATP are found along the inner membrane walls. It helps in cellular respiration, using O2 to create ATP using fuel sources like sugar, lipids etc. They move around, fuse, divide and form a tubular network. 1-10 micrometers

Question 22

Chloroplasts

Answer 22

Where photosynthesis is carried out, converts sunlight into chem energy and using CO2 and H2O to make it. Is part of the plasmid family, has two membranes, the outer membrane, the intermembrane space and the inner membrane. It has fluid filled in the inner membrane called the stroma. The stroma hols the DNA and ribosomes. Inside the membrane it forms the inetrmembrane space, the stroma and the thylakoid space. The thylakoids are stacked like poker chips that form the granum. 2.5micrometers

Question 23

What is the endosymbiont theory?

Answer 23

Early eukaryotic ancestors engulfed a proteobacteria pro (that used cellular respiration) to form the mitochondria and then a cyanobacteria (pro) to form the chloroplast (photosynthetic).

Question 24

What are the characteristic that define life?

Answer 24

8.
* Cellular structure
*Homeostasis
*Reproduction
* Metabolism
* Response to stimuli
* Hereditary
* Adaptation for evolution

Question 25

3 theories on the origin of life

Answer 25

• Panspermia
• Generation of biomolecules due to an early earth atmosphere/ in the deep thermal vents
• Generation of replicating organisms in an RNA WORLD/ Chelation

Question 26

When did earth form?

Answer 26

4.5bya

Question 27

Earliest fossil recordings?

Answer 27

Haematite tubes in Canada, 4.3bya

Question 28

Size of (in micrometers):
DNA
Ribosome
Microfilament
Membrane
Microtubule

Answer 28

2
25-30
7
7-8
25