L27: HIV/AIDS

Question 1

HIV

Answer 1

human Immunodeficiency Virus

Question 2

AIDS

Answer 2

acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Question 3

why acquired?

Answer 3

normal IS - viral infection attacking IS - immune deficiency

Question 4

MSM, 1981

Answer 4

• 5 men
• diseases fit young men shouldnt have
• how AIDS was discovered (HIV not known yet)
• disease that should only be seen in immunocompromised people (eg. organ transplant)

Question 5

What did these homosexual men presenting with - illness?

Answer 5

pneumonia, cytomegalovirus, herpes and oral candidiasis

Question 6

how to treat oral candidiasis

Answer 6

antifungal mouthwash, pastille, medicine

Question 6

how to treat oral candidiasis

Answer 6

antifungal mouthwash, pastille, medicine

Question 7

Kaposi’s sarcoma

Answer 7

a rare cancer caused by human herpes virus (HHV8) in people with HIV

Question 8

toxoplasma gondii

Answer 8

• protozoa
• infects cats, cysts in poo
• brain abscesses
• forms granuloma

Question 9

AIDS defining illnesses

Answer 9

• pneumocytis carnii
• toxoplasma gondii
• candida albicans
• cryptococcus neoformans (menigitis)
• mycobyterium tuberculosis

Question 10

when was AIDS recognised?

Answer 10

• french
• 1983-4

Question 11

first antibodies produced to foreign antigen?

Answer 11

IgM

Question 12

what antibody is produced after some time

Answer 12

IgG

Question 13

T-lymphocytes role in HIV

Answer 13

helper (CD4) are infected and killed off by cytotoxic (CD8)

Question 14

helper lymphocytes

Answer 14

• tell the cells of the IS what to do
• regulate IS, release cytokines as instruction
• talk to CD8, B cells etc to control infection

Question 15

HIV infects?

Answer 15

helper t cells

Question 16

Origin of HIV

Answer 16

• retrovirus related to simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) which infect african apes

Question 17

global spread of HIV

Answer 17

Africa - Haiti - US - Europe

Question 18

Where are the infected CD4 cells found in the body

Answer 18

in the blood, vaginal secretions, ejaculate

Question 19

How can it be detected

Answer 19

bodily fluids, but not transmitted in other ways that blood than genital secretions

Question 20

Epidemic spread affected by?

Answer 20

• prevalence of infection
• rate of sexual partner change
• rate of unsafe injecting drug use

Question 21

HIV strucutre

Answer 21

• enveloped retorvirus
• protein core encasing the genetic material
• two strands of RNA

Question 22

similar to what viruses?

Answer 22

hepatitis B - enveloped
covid - spike proteins

Question 23

envelope comes from?

Answer 23

• cytoplasmic membrane of the cell (T cell)
• buds from surfaced of cell, takes with it envelope from cell

Question 24

What is the spike protein used for in HIV

Answer 24

attachment to CD4 helper cell surface

Question 25

How is viral RNA copied in the CD4 cell

Answer 25

reverse transcriptase - comes out of virus too makes DNA copy of RNA structre DNA genome - transported to nucleus DNA replication of viral DNA

Question 26

HIV infection latent or immediate

Answer 26

latent

Question 27

reverse transcriptase mistakes and significance

Answer 27

1. mistake when copying RNA to DNA - virus produced is slightly different than the one that enetered the cell 2. generation of very wide range of mutant viruses every day

Question 28

HIV pathogenesis

Answer 28

1. HIV attachment to CD4 2. cell activated by exposure to other immunological stimulus 3. produce HIV 4. CD8 kills CD4 that is producing foreign proteins

Question 29

HIV production compared to CD4

Answer 29

HIV produced at a faster rate/amount is larger than CD4 - number of CD4 will go down over time after infection

Question 30

What happens to CD4 lymphocytes over years

Answer 30

- CD4 amount drops - AIDS illnesses towards the end

Question 31

initial HIV infection

Answer 31

high level of HIV in blood, lymph nodes swollen, large number of lymphocytes

Question 32

seropositive

Answer 32

positive to AB to HIV

Question 33

diagnosis of HIV

Answer 33

- detect AB (ELISA, western blot) - RNA (PCR)

Question 34

amount of AB detected by?

Answer 34

ELISA

Question 35

target for drug treatment

Answer 35

- RNA reverse trasncriptase - host DNA cutting - maturation of virus

Question 36

vaccines for HIV

Answer 36

dont work

Question 37

man to man risk

Answer 37

1%

Question 38

man to woman/woman to man risk

Answer 38

0.1%

Question 39

mother to infant risk

Answer 39

25% at delivery 12% breastfeeding

Question 40

when did drugs come out

Answer 40

1997