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Medsci 202 > L27: HIV/AIDS > Flashcards

L27: HIV/AIDS Flashcards

1
Q

HIV

A

human Immunodeficiency Virus

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2
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immune deficiency syndrome

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3
Q

why acquired?

A

normal IS - viral infection attacking IS - immune deficiency

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4
Q

MSM, 1981

A
  • 5 men
  • diseases fit young men shouldnt have
  • how AIDS was discovered (HIV not known yet)
  • disease that should only be seen in immunocompromised people (eg. organ transplant)
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5
Q

What did these homosexual men presenting with - illness?

A

pneumonia, cytomegalovirus, herpes and oral candidiasis

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6
Q

how to treat oral candidiasis

A

antifungal mouthwash, pastille, medicine

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6
Q

how to treat oral candidiasis

A

antifungal mouthwash, pastille, medicine

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7
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

a rare cancer caused by human herpes virus (HHV8) in people with HIV

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8
Q

toxoplasma gondii

A
  • protozoa
  • infects cats, cysts in poo
  • brain abscesses
  • forms granuloma
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9
Q

AIDS defining illnesses

A
  • pneumocytis carnii
  • toxoplasma gondii
  • candida albicans
  • cryptococcus neoformans (menigitis)
  • mycobyterium tuberculosis
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10
Q

when was AIDS recognised?

A
  • french
  • 1983-4
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11
Q

first antibodies produced to foreign antigen?

A

IgM

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12
Q

what antibody is produced after some time

A

IgG

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13
Q

T-lymphocytes role in HIV

A

helper (CD4) are infected and killed off by cytotoxic (CD8)

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14
Q

helper lymphocytes

A
  • tell the cells of the IS what to do
  • regulate IS, release cytokines as instruction
  • talk to CD8, B cells etc to control infection
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15
Q

HIV infects?

A

helper t cells

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16
Q

Origin of HIV

A
  • retrovirus related to simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) which infect african apes
17
Q

global spread of HIV

A

Africa - Haiti - US - Europe

18
Q

Where are the infected CD4 cells found in the body

A

in the blood, vaginal secretions, ejaculate

19
Q

How can it be detected

A

bodily fluids, but not transmitted in other ways that blood than genital secretions

20
Q

Epidemic spread affected by?

A
  • prevalence of infection
  • rate of sexual partner change
  • rate of unsafe injecting drug use
21
Q

HIV strucutre

A
  • enveloped retorvirus
  • protein core encasing the genetic material
  • two strands of RNA
22
Q

similar to what viruses?

A

hepatitis B - enveloped
covid - spike proteins

23
Q

envelope comes from?

A
  • cytoplasmic membrane of the cell (T cell)
  • buds from surfaced of cell, takes with it envelope from cell
24
Q

What is the spike protein used for in HIV

A

attachment to CD4 helper cell surface

25
Q

How is viral RNA copied in the CD4 cell

A

reverse transcriptase - comes out of virus too
makes DNA copy of RNA structre
DNA genome - transported to nucleus
DNA replication of viral DNA

26
Q

HIV infection latent or immediate

A

latent

27
Q

reverse transcriptase mistakes and significance

A
  1. mistake when copying RNA to DNA - virus produced is slightly different than the one that enetered the cell
  2. generation of very wide range of mutant viruses every day
28
Q

HIV pathogenesis

A
  1. HIV attachment to CD4
  2. cell activated by exposure to other immunological stimulus
  3. produce HIV
  4. CD8 kills CD4 that is producing foreign proteins
29
Q

HIV production compared to CD4

A

HIV produced at a faster rate/amount is larger than CD4
- number of CD4 will go down over time after infection

30
Q

What happens to CD4 lymphocytes over years

A
  • CD4 amount drops
  • AIDS illnesses towards the end
31
Q

initial HIV infection

A

high level of HIV in blood, lymph nodes swollen, large number of lymphocytes

32
Q

seropositive

A

positive to AB to HIV

33
Q

diagnosis of HIV

A
  • detect AB (ELISA, western blot)
  • RNA (PCR)
34
Q

amount of AB detected by?

A

ELISA

35
Q

target for drug treatment

A
  • RNA reverse trasncriptase
  • host DNA cutting
  • maturation of virus
36
Q

vaccines for HIV

A

dont work

37
Q

man to man risk

A

1%

38
Q

man to woman/woman to man risk

A

0.1%

39
Q

mother to infant risk

A

25% at delivery
12% breastfeeding

40
Q

when did drugs come out

A

1997

Medsci 202 (28 decks)

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