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PT 10121 - Med Surg 3 > L2: Fertilization > Flashcards

L2: Fertilization Flashcards

1
Q

Egg

A

Large (~100 μm)
Round, symmetrical, nonmotile cell
arrested i metaphase 2 of meiosis
microvilli in the surface

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2
Q

Glycoprotein coat acting as a barrier to the sperm

A

Zona pellucida

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3
Q

3 layers covering an egg

A

Corona radiata
Zona pellucida
Vitelline membrane

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4
Q

Sperm

A

small, asymmetrical and motile cell
end product of spermatogenesis

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5
Q

3 Components of Sperm

A

Tail
Midpiece
Head with Acrosome

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6
Q

also referred to as principal piece that contains the flagellar apparatus and is what makes the cell motile

A

Tail

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7
Q

contains mitochondria and helps in propelling

A

Midpiece

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8
Q

lysosomal-like compartment derived from the Golgi Apparatus; contains soluble hyrdolases

A

Head c Acrosome

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9
Q

Fertilization

A

process by which the sperm and secondary oocyte fuse

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10
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

ampullary region of uterine tube (widest part of tube)

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11
Q

how much spermatozoa is deposited in vagina during intercourse

A

2-5 million

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12
Q

life span of sperm in female reproductive tract

A

3-7 days

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13
Q

at day 14 after the last day of menstrual period, what are the 2 hormones seen

A

(1) follicle stimulating hormone/FSH (releases follicle that has the egg inside)

(2) luteinizing hormone/LH (increases progesterone, making the uterus lining thick)

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14
Q

what propels the egg

A

fimbriae and mucus

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15
Q

percentage of spermatozoa that successfully meets the egg

A

1%

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16
Q

subject to physical stress d/t:

A

Ejaculation
Contractions in female tract
Change in pH environment
Mucous secretions
Defenses of female immune system
Anatomy of the fallopian tube (double tract,narrower)

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17
Q

Ovulation

A

sperm become motile again

18
Q

spermatozoa has to undergo ___ & ___ to acquire the capability to fertilize the oocyte

A

Capacitation
Acrosome Reaction

19
Q

Capacitation

A

period of conditioning in female reproductive tract that lasts ~7 hrs

a glycoprotein coat & seminal plasma proteins are removed from plasma membrane overlying the acrosomal region of the spermatozoa

capacitated sperm = can pass through corona cells = undergo acrosome reaction

bicarbonate ions enter sperm & hyperpolarizes sperm’s plasma membrane affecting the motility of sperm

20
Q

Acrosome Reaction

A

membrane surrounding acrosome dissolves to fuse c plasma membrane (of sperm head) releasing contents of acrosome

has antigen for binding to cell membrane of egg & lytic enzyme

occurs after binding to the zona pellucida

induced by zona proteins

21
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

assists in penetration of corona radiata barrier

22
Q

Trypsin-like substance

A

needed for digestion of zona pellucida

23
Q

Acrosin

A

needed to help cross the zonal pellucida

24
Q

once sperm enters, the oocyte proceeds to ___

A

meiosis 2

25
Q

Spermatozoa dies within ___ of their release

A

24 hrs

26
Q

Trip of spermatozoa from uterus to cervix lasts

A

30 mins to 6 days

27
Q

Oocyte travel via ___ & ___

A

ciliary beat
rhythmical contraction of muscle of tube

28
Q

Phases of Fertilization

A
  1. Penetration of Corona Radiata
  2. Penetration of Zona Pellucida
  3. Fusion of oocyte and sperm cell membranes
29
Q

Phase 1: Penetration of the Corona Radiata

A

only 300 to 500 (out of 200 - 300 M spermatozoa) reach the site of fertilization

only one fertilizes the egg

others aid fertilizing sperm in penetrating barriers protecting the female gamete

capacitated sperms pass freely through coronal cell

30
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

glycoprotein shell surrounding the egg

facilitates and maintains sperm binding & induces acrosome reaction

has 5 zones

31
Q

Phase 2: Penetration of the Zona Pellucida

A

occurs in ZP3 of Z Pellucida

release of acrosomal enzymes (acrosin) allows sperm to penetrate zona = coming in contact c plasma membrane of oocyte

results in release of lysosomal enzymes from cortical granules lining the plasma membrane of oocyte & alters properties of ZP (zona reaction) to prevent sperm penetration (block to polyspermy)

32
Q

Phase 3: Fusion of Oocyte and Sperm Membranes

A

initial adhesion of sperm to oocyte is mediated in part by the interaction of integrins on the oocyte and their ligands, disntegrins, on sperm

after adhesion, plasma membranes of sperm and egg fuse

in humans, both head and tail of spermatozoon enter cytoplasm of oocyte, but plasma membrane is left behind on oocyte surface

33
Q

Path of Sperm Cell

A
  1. Corona Radiata
  2. Zona Pellucida
  3. Plasma membrane of secondary oocyte
  4. Cytoplasm of secondary oocyte
34
Q

Egg Response: Cortical and Zona Reactions

A

as a result of the release of cortical oocyte granules, which contain lysosomal enzymes: (1) oocyte membrane becomes impenetrable to other sperm, (2) zona pellucida alters its structure and composition to prevent sperm binding and penetration

these reactions prevent polyspermy (penetration of more than one spermatozoon into oocyte)

35
Q

Egg Response: Resumption of the Second Meiotic Division

A

oocyte finishes its second meiotic division immed. after entry of spermatozoon

product: 2 daughter cells

its chromosomes (22+X) arrange themselves in a vesicular nucleus (female pronucleus)

36
Q

Egg Response: Metabolic Activation of the Egg

A

spermatozoon moves forward until it lies close to the female pronucleus

nucleus becomes swollen and forms the male pronucleus, the tail detaches and degenerates

male and female pronuclei are: indistinguishable and lose their nuclear envelopes; both haploid and replicate its DNA

chromosome organize in the spindle in preparation for normal mitotic division

37
Q

Results of Fertilization

A

Restoration of the Diploid Number of Chromosomes

Determination of the Sex of the New Individual

Initiation of Cleavage

38
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized ovum

39
Q

Results of Fertilization: Restoration of the Diploid Number of Chromosomes

A

half from father, half from mother

zygote contains new combination of chromosomes different from both parents

40
Q

Results of Fertilization: Determination of the Sex of the New Individual

A

X-carrying sperm produces female (XX) embryo; Y-carrying sperm produces a male (XY) embryo

chromosomal sex of embryo is determined at fertilization

41
Q

Results of Fertilization: Initiation of Cleavage

A

without fertilization, oocyte usually degenerates 24 hrs aft ovulation

PT 10121 - Med Surg 3 (20 decks)

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