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Cell Biology & Neuroscience > L2: Cell Types & Subcellular Structures > Flashcards

L2: Cell Types & Subcellular Structures Flashcards

• Explain the concept of ‘the cell’ • Classify different types of cells: prokaryotes, eukaryotes, bacteria, archaea, fungi, plants, animals Outline the basic organisation of eukaryotic cells and give a brief description of the major features and organelles, and the specialised cellular processes that take place in them: plasma membrane, nucleus, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and peroxisomes, mitochondria and chloroplasts, cytosol, cytoskeleton

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1
Q

What are the 3 cell theories?

A
  1. All living organisms are made up of 1 or more cells
  2. The cell is the basic unit of life
  3. Cells arise from existing cells by division
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2
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

Single-cellular without nucleus

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3
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Single/multi-cellular with nucleus

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4
Q

What is the cell (plasma) membrane?

A

Bilayer of phospholipids, cholesterol & embedded transmembrane proteins

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5
Q

What is a amphipathic molecule?

A

Have BOTH hydrophobic & hydrophilic parts

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6
Q

4 main roles of the cell (plasma) membrane

A
  1. Barrier
  2. Communication
  3. Import & Export
  4. Electrical capacitor
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7
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Network of protein fibres

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8
Q

Main roles of the cytoskeleton

A
  1. Maintenance of shape
  2. Cell division
  3. Movement of particles
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9
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Fluid portion of the cytoplasm exclusive of organelles & membranes

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10
Q

What does the cytoplasm contain?

A
  • High concentration of proteins
  • tRNAs
  • Free ribosomes
  • Inclusion bodies
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11
Q

Role of the nuclear envelope

A

Separate contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm

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12
Q

Function of the nucleus

A

Site of RNA synthesis & processing

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12
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Nucleoplasm, chromosomal DNA + histones

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13
Q

Role of the nucleolus

A

Site of ribosome synthesis

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14
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

Network of interconnected membrane vesicles

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15
Q

What is the cisternae?

A

Flattened membrane vesicle found in the ER & golgi apparatus

16
Q

Role of the Rough ER (rER)

A

Synthesis of secreted & transmembrane proteins

17
Q

Role of the Smooth ER

A

Synthesis of lipids & steroid hormones

18
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A

Stack of flattened membrane vesicles

19
Q

Role of the golgi apparatus

A

Modification of proteins

20
Q

Role of mitochondria

A
  1. Respiration, ETC
  2. Krebs cycle
21
Q

What is the cristae?

A

High transmembrane protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane crucial for ATP production

22
Q

Double membrane in mitochondria

A

Inner membrane folded into cristae

23
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Membrane-bound organelles found in animal cells

24
Q

Role of lysosomes

A

Contain enzymes that can break down biological polymers

25
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Degrade fatty acids & toxic compounds

26
Q

Function of peroxisomes

A

Carry out oxidative reactions using molecular oxygen

27
Q

Equation:

Enzyme catalase neutralises H₂O

A

2H₂O₂ → 2H₂O + O₂

28
Q

Equation:
Detoxification of ethanol in the liver

A

C₂H₅OH + H₂O₂ → CH₃CHO + 2H₂O

Cell Biology & Neuroscience (17 decks)

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