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Cell Biology & Neuroscience > L18: Immunology I > Flashcards

L18: Immunology I Flashcards

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1
Q

3 functions of the immune system

A

1) Respond to infection by micro-organisms
2) Repair damaged tissues
3) Retard cancer development

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2
Q

How does the immune system represent a number of surveillance mechanisms?

A

Capable of recognising self vs non-self
- Secrete protective substances into bodily fluids
- Launch cellular response

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3
Q

2 parts of the immune system

A

1) Innate Immunity

2) Adaptive Immunity

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4
Q

Features of innate immunity

A

1) Non-specific
2) Rapid
3) Response to infections
4) Can be humoural/cell-mediated

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5
Q

Define humoural

A

Secreted things

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6
Q

Define cell mediated

A

Cells that target damaged site

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7
Q

Features of adaptive immunity

A

1) Specific
2) Slow to develop
3) Response to infections
4) Humoural/cell mediated

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8
Q

Are cells of the innate response highly or slightly phagocytic?

A

Highly phagocytic

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9
Q

What proteins does the cells of the innate reponse contain that destroy engulfed bacteria, cellular debris or foreign particulate matter

A

Lysosomal & microbiocidal proteins

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10
Q

Names for macrophages in liver

A

Kupffer cells

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11
Q

Names for macrophages in bone

A

Osteoclasts

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12
Q

Names for macrophages in kidney

A

Mesangial cells

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13
Q

Names for macrophages in brain

A

Microglia

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14
Q

Describe neutrophil action

A

They only survive for only a few days, constantly replaced

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15
Q

Two forms of ‘killer’ cells

A

Natural killer cells
Eosinophils

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16
Q

Describe natural killer cells

A

Attach to virally infected cells/tumour cells by causing pores to form in the target cell membrane inducing a apoptotic death

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17
Q

Describe eosinophils as a ‘killer’ cell

A

Contain granules with cytotoxic proteins that attach to, and kill, parasites

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18
Q

Are adaptive immune cells or innate immune cells slower to react?

A

Adaptive Immune Cells

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19
Q

Define antigens

A

A toxin or foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body

Induce a T cell / B cell response
Can be a protein, lipid, carbohydrate or nucleic acid

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20
Q

Define antibodies

A

Glycoprotein that interacts with a specific antigen
- Can neutralise the antigen to induce phagocytosis by macrophages

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21
Q

Can adaptive response be both cellular & humoural?

A

Yes

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22
Q

Why are lymphocytes adaptive immune cells?

A

Can differentiate into memory cells, which can respond faster & more efficiently the next time the same pathogen invades

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23
Q

2 functional classes of lymphocytes

A

1) B cell
2) T cell

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24
Q

Where does lymphocytes circulate & become activated?

A

Circulate in blood & lymph and become activated in secondary lymphoid organs

25
Q

Where does B cells arise & mature in?

A

Arise in bone marrow
Mature in bone marrow

26
Q

Where does T cells arise & mature in?

A

Arise in bone marrow
Mature in thymus

27
Q

Where are B cells & T cells activated in?

A

Secondary lymphoid organs

28
Q

Function of B cells

A

Secrete antibodies specific to target antigen

Activated by antigen & helped along by Helper T cells, secrete antibody when activated

29
Q

Function of T cells

A

Induce a cell-mediated adaptive immune response

Direct & recruit other cells of immune system as well as attacking diseased cells directly

30
Q

What is long term immunity maintained by in B cells?

A

Memory B cells

31
Q

What is long term immunity maintained by in T cells?

A

Memory T cells

32
Q

What receptors are responsible for recognition of antigen?

A

Specific T cell receptors (TCR)

33
Q

4 functional subsets of T cells

A

1) Helper T cells
2) Cytotoxic T cells
3) Regulatory T cells
4) Memory T cells

34
Q

Function of Helper T cells

A

Activate B cells

35
Q

Function of Cytotoxic T cells

A

Kill infected cells (antigen)

36
Q

Function of Regulatory T cells

A

Help module responses

37
Q

What can antibodies do when it is secreted?

A

Neutralise the pathogen
Facilitate uptake of phagocytes (opsonization)

38
Q

Define opsonization

A

An immune process which uses opsonins to tag foreign pathogens for elimination by phagocytes

39
Q

2 functional subsets of B cells

A

1) Plasma cells
2) Memory cells

40
Q

Define VDJ recombination

A

Somatic recombination occuring in developing lymphocytes during early stages of T & B cell maturation

41
Q

Role of FC region on antibody

A

Signals macrophages when binded to antibodies

42
Q

When does lymphocyte activation occur?

A

When lymphocytes (B cells or T cells) are triggered through antigen-specific receptors on their cell surface

43
Q

B cells

Lymphocyte activation in B cells

A
  1. Surface immunoglobin binding to B cells
  2. Clonal expansion occurs creating plasma cells & memory B cells
44
Q

T cells

Lymphocyte activation in T cells

A
  1. Antigen presentation via antigen presenting cell
  2. Clonal expansion occurs
  3. Producing T helper cell, cytotoxic cells & memory T cells
45
Q

2 tissues of the immune system

A

Primary Lymphoid Tissues
Secondary Lymphoid Tissues

46
Q

Primary Lymphoid Tissues

A

Immature lymphocytes acquire the capacity for antigen recognition

47
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Tissues

A

Site of lymphocyte activation

48
Q

Describe the thymus

A

Encapsulated organ with 2 lobes located in the lower

  • Site of T cell maturation

1) Aquisition of T cell immunocompetence
2) Development of immunological self tolerance

49
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Small organs found in groups/chains in sites where lymphatic vessels drain to an anatomic region

50
Q

2 functions of the lymph nodes

A

1) Phagocytic cells act as non-sepcific filters of particulate matter
2) Location where lymphocytes interact with new antigens & APCS, facilitate activation of an immune response

51
Q

Structure of lymph nodes

A

Surrounded by fibrocollagenous capsule, surface is penetrated by a number of afferent vessels

52
Q

Function of follicles in lymph nodes

A

Regions of B cell activation

53
Q

What does germinal center in lymph nodes consist of?

A

Activated dividing B cells, with a few T cells

54
Q

What is the mantle zone in lymph nodes?

A

Resting B cells

55
Q

Function of the spleen

A

Responsible for immunological responses against blood antigens
- Removes aged/defective blood cells

56
Q

2 pulp in the spleen

A

1) Red pulp
2) White pulp

57
Q

Function of red pulp in the spleen

A

Responsible for filtering blood

58
Q

Function of white pulp in the spleen

A

Immunological region of the organ

59
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Cell Biology & Neuroscience (17 decks)

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