L2 Acute Inflammation

Question 1

Characteristics of an acute inflammation

Answer 1

early, lasts days, neutrophils, oedematous exudate, vasodilation, non-specific

Question 2

Characteristics of a chronic inflammation

Answer 2

later, lasts weeks-years, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, scarring, specific or non-specific

Question 3

4 steps of acute inflammation

Answer 3

1. initial dilation of blood vessels then blow flow decreases
2. vessels become leaky, water + small proteins + salts from plasma move to damaged area (exudation)
3. circulating neutrophils attracted, adhere to swollen endothelial cells (margination) and migrate through BM (emigration) into damaged area
4. later, macrophages and lymphocytes migrate

Question 4

What is exudate

Answer 4

protein-rich fluid and cells that have escaped from blood due to increase in vascular permeability (eg. inflammation)

Question 5

What is transudate

Answer 5

extravascular fluid that results from increased hydrostatic pressure or diminished colloid oncotic pressure in blood vessel (not inflammatory)

Question 6

What makes up exudate

Answer 6

fluid, fibrin (scaffolding to assist in migration of neutrophils and macrophages), neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes

Question 7

Types of exudate (5)

Answer 7

serous 
fibrinous
purulent
suppurative
haemorrhagic

Question 8

Serous exudate

Answer 8

absence of prominent cellular response eg blister

Question 9

Fibrinous exudate

Answer 9

large amounts of fibrin as result of coagulation system eg pneumonia

Question 10

Purulent exudate

Answer 10

prominent cellular components, pathological, eg pus

Question 11

Suppurative exudate

Answer 11

purulent exudate + necrosis

Question 12

Haemorrhagic exudate

Answer 12

contains many RBCs released from damaged vessels

Question 13

Cellular mediator, source and actions: histamine

Answer 13

mast cells, basophils, platelets

vasodilation

Question 14

Cellular mediator, source and actions: serotonin

Answer 14

platelets

vasodilation

Question 15

Cellular mediator, source and actions: prostaglandins

Answer 15

mast cells, leukocytes

vasodilation

Question 16

Cellular mediator, source and actions: leukotrienes

Answer 16

mast cells, leukocytes

increased vascular permeability

Question 17

Cellular mediator, source and actions: platelet activating factor

Answer 17

leukocytes, mast cells

vasodilation

Question 18

Cellular mediator, source and actions: ROS

Answer 18

leukocytes

killing of microbes

Question 19

Cellular mediator, source and actions: nitric oxide

Answer 19

endothelium, macrophages

vascular smooth muscle relaxation

Question 20

Cellular mediator, source and actions: cytokines

Answer 20

macrophages, endothelial cells, mast cells

local endothelial action

Question 21

Neutrophils

Answer 21

produced by maturation of precursor cells in bone marrow
most numerous
short life span
motile
bacteria are strong attractant

Question 22

Macrophages

Answer 22

longer life, differentiate into multiple things, larger than neutrophils

Question 23

5 signs of inflammation

Answer 23

redness (vasodilation)
heat (vasodilation)
pain (pressure on nerve endings and chemical factors)
swelling (accumulation of exudate)
loss of function (direct local damage)

Question 24

What causes a fever

Answer 24

exogenous pyrogens from bacteria –> endogenous pyrogens –> prostaglandins –> neurotransmitters that reset body temp at higher level