L12 Cold and Pneumonia

Question 1

Type 1 alveolar cells

Answer 1

simple squamous

Question 2

Type 2 alveolar cells

Answer 2

simple cuboidal

secrete surfactant

Question 3

5 factors affecting gas exchange

Answer 3

partial pressures
rate of gas exchange
alveolar patency/surface area
compliance of lungs
airway resistance

Question 4

4 normal lung defense mechanisms

Answer 4

glottic/cough reflex
mucociliary blanket
alveolar macrophages
immune defenses

Question 5

What can cause suppression of the cough reflex

Answer 5

consciousness
drugs
neuromuscular disorders
chest pain

Question 6

What can cause injury to escalator

Answer 6

smoking
inhalation of corrosive gas
viral disease
bacterial pathogens paralyse cilia 
cystic fibrosis

Question 7

What can cause interference with macrophages

Answer 7

alcohol and smoke

oxygen intoxication

Question 8

Types of immunodeficiency

Answer 8

congenital or acquired

Question 9

What disease can cause accumulation of secretions

Answer 9

cystic fibrosis

bronchial obstruction

Question 10

What virus type usually causes the common cold

Answer 10

rhinovirus

Question 11

What structures become inflamed during cold

Answer 11

nasolacrimal ducts, nasal cavity, auditory tube, larynx

Question 12

What bacteria is the main cause of pneumonia

Answer 12

strep pneumoniae

Question 13

How can pneumonia be classified

Answer 13

aetiological
clinical
typical or atypical
pathological

Question 14

What are the characteristics of typical pneumonia

Answer 14

acute onset
strep pneumoniae
exudate and bacteria in alveolus

Question 15

What are the clinical features of pneumonia

Answer 15

rapid rise in temp
anorexia, headache
short, dry cough which becomes productive

Question 16

How is pneumonia treated

Answer 16

antibiotics

Question 17

What bacteria is lobar pneumonia usually caused by

Answer 17

strep pneumoniae

Question 18

What are the four stages of lobar pneumonia

Answer 18

1. congestion: 24 hours, oedema
2. red hepatization: few days, infiltration of RBCs
3. grey hepatization: few days,, fibrin beginning to be laid down
4. resolution: 8-10 days, exudate broken down by enzymes and cleared away