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PSYC 100 > L12: Disorders & Treatment > Flashcards

L12: Disorders & Treatment Flashcards

1
Q

Deviance

A

Behaviours, thoughts, and feelings that are not in line with normal or usually accepted standards

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2
Q

Definition of disorder

A

Syndromes, or clusters of symptoms, that tend to occur simultaneously. Comprised of deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger.

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3
Q

Dysfunction

A

Behaviours, thoughts, and feelings that are disruptive to one’s regular routine interference with day-to-day functioning

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4
Q

Danger

A

Behaviours, thoughts, and feelings that may lead to harm or injury to self or others

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5
Q

Biopsychosocial Model

A

Interactions of a person’s biological makeup, psychological experiences and social environment determine their risk for a psychological disorder

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6
Q

DSM-5

A

Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition - 2013)

  • American manual that provides a list of symptoms, with a decision rule on the number of symptoms present for diagnosis
  • Acknowledges the biopsychosocial approach
  • Organized with a lifetime development scheme
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7
Q

Problems with classification systems

A
  • subjective
  • fosters overdiagnosis
  • ignores stigmatization
  • creates illusion of objectivity
  • over-emphasis on separation between disorders
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8
Q

Stigma

A

Disapproval, poor treatment or isolation due to being different. Fueled by lack of information, fear, and discomfort

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9
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

Characterized by excessive fear and/or worrying

Includes panic disorder, phobias, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder

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10
Q

Panic disorder

A
  • unexpected panic attacks
  • followed by worry about additional attacks and avoidance
  • sudden onset of symptoms that reaches a peak within 5-10 mins, then resolves itself quickly
  • if persists longer, anxiety attack
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11
Q

Phobias

A
  • unrealistic fears of a specific situation

- avoidance

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12
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A
  • worry about negative evaluation in social situations

- fears of speaking in public, eating in public, having to perform for an audience

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13
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A
  • Continuous chronic anxiety and worry that is hard to control and interferes with daily functioning
  • Believe in the benefits of worry
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14
Q

OCD

A

characterized by obsessions and compulsions, although one can be present without the other

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15
Q

Obsessions

A

recurrent, unwished for thoughts or images (internal)

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16
Q

Compulsions

A

Repetitions, ritualized behaviours, a person feels unable to control (external)

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17
Q

PTSD

A
  • intrusive symptoms
  • avoidance of internal feelings & external reminders
  • negative alterations in mood and cognitions
  • alterations in arousal and reactivity
  • minority of people who experience a traumatic experience will develop PTSD
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18
Q

PTSD risk factors

A
  • general vulnerability/ resistance
  • historical of psychological problems
  • lack of social & cognitive resources
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19
Q

Depressive Disorders

A

characterized by persistent depressed mood and/or lack of interest/pleasure in activities

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20
Q

Vulnerability Stress Model of Depression

A
  • interactions between individual and vulnerabilities and stress experiences
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21
Q

Cognitive Habits in Depression

A

Rumination: focusing repetitively on the symptoms of distress, possible causes, and consequences of distress
Internal & Global Attribution: Blaming negative events on oneself and believing they will affect everything in one’s life

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22
Q

Attribution Theory of Depression

A

People with depression experience internal, stable global styles: Blaming negative events on oneself and believing they will affect everything in one’s life

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23
Q

Schizophrenia

A

characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, avolition (loss of motivation to take care of oneself), flat affect, and alogia (reduction in speech).

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24
Q

Positive psychotic symptoms

A

new symptoms not present before the disorder

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25
Q

Schizophrenia possible causes

A
  • abnormalities in the thalamus
  • deficits in Broca/ Wernickle’s areas
  • enlarged ventricles
  • neurotransmitter abnormalities (dopamine & serotonin)
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26
Q

Bipolar disorder

A
  • characterized by mania/ hypomania
  • abnormally elated or irritable mood
  • inflated self-esteem
  • racing thoughts, distractibility
  • divided into bipolar l and ll
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27
Q

Negative psychotic symptoms

A

behaviours lost after the disorder

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28
Q

Psychotherapy

A

process where a professionally-trained therapist uses techniques from psychological principles to relieve another person’s psychological distress and promote growth

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29
Q

Pharmacotherapy

A

treating illness with medication. can go hand in hand with psychotherapy

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30
Q

evidence-based approach

A
  • explicit use of the best available research evidence to inform each stage of clinical decision- making
  • studied using randomized controlled trials (RCTs)
31
Q

Randomized control trials (RCTs)

A
  • Studies to determine how beneficial a type of therapy is
  • 3 elements:
  • Homogenous population (little variation)
  • exclusion criteria
  • only one intervention at a time
32
Q

Issues with RCTs

A
  • waitlist control
  • highly controlled treatment
  • patients are uncomplicated
33
Q

cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

A

changing emotions through thoughts and behaviour. employs cognitive and behavioural techniques. 3 different waves

34
Q

Cognitive Distortions

A 
polarized thinking
mental filtering 
overgeneralization
jumping to conclusions
castrophizing
personalization
blaming
labelling
always being right
should statemnts
emotional reasoning
control fallacies
35
Q

polarized thinking

A
  • when one has black and white thinking patterns/ all or nothing attitude
36
Q

mental filtering

A

consists of two types of distortions that occur when one focuses solely on the negative aspects of an experience

37
Q

overgeneralization

A

occurs when a person focuses on a single event that occurred and makes a conclusion based on this single piece of negative evidence

38
Q

jumping to conclusions

A

making assumptions that are not based on any actual evidence

39
Q

castrophizing

A

the magnitude of an event is exaggerated or diminished

40
Q

personalization

A

individual takes this personally, causing a direct and personal reaction to everything others say and do, even if it was unrelated to them

41
Q

blaming

A

person directs blame externally for their problems

42
Q

labelling

A

an extreme form of overgeneralization, when one assigns judgment to oneself and others based on one negative occurrence or incident

43
Q

always being right

A

a person internalizes their opinions as facts and puts others on trial to prove that their own opinions are the correct ones

44
Q

should statements

A

generalizations of things that a person, including oneself, should. must or shouldn’t do

45
Q

emotional reasoning

A

one’s emotion is accepted as a fact and all logical reasoning is blocked out

46
Q

control fallacies

A

cognitive distortion defined by external and internal control fallacies (assuming an inaccurate amount of control)

47
Q

Cognitive Restructuring

A
  • Restructuring thoughts by providing evidence for and against and replacing original thoughts with an alternative thought
  • CBT’s C component
48
Q

CBT’s B component

A

Activation (for depression):
increase engagement in adaptive activities, while decreasing engagement in activities that maintain symptoms

Exposure (for anxiety & OCD)
real life exposure to avoid engaging in safety behaviour

49
Q

Psychopathology

A

Individual’s efforts to escape unpleasant feelings

50
Q

ACT

A
  • acceptance and commitment therapy

- holding negative thoughts and feelings in mind with acceptance, without clutching onto thoughts

51
Q

Critique of CBT

A
  • too mechanistic

- too focused on symptom change

52
Q

Critique of ACT

A
  • it’s the same

- restructuring is incompatible with thought suppression

53
Q

Common factors b/n all types of therapies

A
  • client characteristics: + expectancies
  • treatment structure: techniques to explore the inner world. adheres to theory
  • therapist qualities: warm & cultivates hope
  • relationship elements: development of an alliance
  • change processes: acquisition & practice of new behaviours through therapeutic rational
54
Q

Therapeutic Alliance

A
  • Bordin: this shall be embedded in all psychotherapies
    1) consensus on tasks
    2) agreement on goals
    3) bond b/n client & therapist
55
Q

Arguments for specific therapies

A

Certain therapists are better than others for particular disorders.
OCD: CBT or ACT
Panic Disorder: CBT
SAD: CBT
GAD: CBT
Eating Disorders: CBT & family-based therapy
PTSD: cognitive reprocessing theory

56
Q

Normal vs. Abnormal

A

Difficult to define.

In psych: Failure of adaptation = abnormal

57
Q

Distress

A

Behaviours, thoughts, and feelings that are upsetting and cause pain, suffering and/or sorrow

58
Q

4 Ds

A

Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, Dangerous

59
Q

Epigenetics

A

how environmental factors can can affect gene expression

60
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear of using public transportation, being outside of the home alone and escape not being possible

61
Q

Bipolar l vs. Bipolar ll

A

Bipolar l:

  • Depressive episode not required
  • Extremely high energy levels
  • Manic episodes lasting multiple weeks/ months

Bipolar ll:

  • Depressive episode required
  • Higher energy levels than normal
  • Hypomanic episodes typically lasting one week
62
Q

Possible Schizophrenia Causes

A
  • abnormalities in the thalamus
  • deficits in Broca/Wernickle’s areas (involved in language)
  • enlarged ventricles
  • neurotransmitter abnormalities
63
Q

Specific vs. Global Attribution Styles

A

Specific: this negative event will affect one aspect of my life
Global: this negative event with affect everything in my life

64
Q

Psychodynamic Therapy

A

analyzing unconscious processes through different methods. the goal is to create harmony b/n the 3 components (id, superego & ego)
included the analysis of resistance, free association, interpretation, and transference

65
Q

Person-centred/ Humanistic Therapy

A
  • Goal of therapy: increase the insight of the patient
  • Eliminates the hierarchy b/n the therapist & client
  • 3 key ideas:
  • unconditional positive regard
  • empathy
  • congruence
66
Q

3 waves of CBT

A

1) behaviour therapy: behaviour modifications based on conditioning
2) CBT: identify & challenge dysfunctional cognitions
3) ACT: metacognitive shifts

67
Q

Clinical formation

A

looks at the nature of the client’s issues and create a hypothesis for further analysis

68
Q

Aspects of ACT

A
  • acceptance
  • cognitive defusion
  • self as context
  • being present
  • values
  • committed action
69
Q

Types of Therapies

A
  • individual therapy
  • group therapy
  • couples therapy
  • family therapy
  • self-help
70
Q

Resistance

A

Avoiding certain ideas. Component of psychodynamic therapy

71
Q

Behavioural Activation

A

Governs the general tendency towards approach over avoidance

72
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

Periods of relaxation between exposures to feared stimuli

73
Q

Dodo Bird Effect

A

all forms of psychological therapy are equally effective

PSYC 100 (12 decks)

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