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PSYC 100 > L05: Human Genetics & Evolution > Flashcards

L05: Human Genetics & Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Nativism

A

Nature determines behaviour. Knowledge of the world is mostly innate.

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2
Q

Empiricism

A

Nurture determines behaviour. Mind is tabula rasa and all is learned.

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3
Q

Species

A

Group of animals that tend to mate and produce fertile offspring

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4
Q

Genus

A

Species that evolved from a common ancestor

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5
Q

Homo Erectus

A

1st homo that led to the evolution of humans

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6
Q

Homo neanderthalensis

A

2nd homo that led to the evolution of humans`

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7
Q

Homo sapiens

A

Humans

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8
Q

Out in Africa Hypothesis

A

Homo erectus is originally from Africa and migrated to explore Europe & Asia

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9
Q

Multiregional Hypothesis

A

More immigration waves out of Africa, eventually to Australia and America

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10
Q

Cognitive Revolution

A

Characterizes by an explosion in brain size

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11
Q

Consequences of the Cognitive Revolution (5)

A
  1. more time looking for food
  2. muscle atrophy
  3. premature birth
  4. cooking increase nutritional density
  5. unparalleled language
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12
Q

Agricultural Revolution

A

Hunter-gatherer > agriculture 8000 years ago

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13
Q

Consequences of the Agricultural Revolution (6)

A 
1. concept of ownership
2/ villages, cities, and nations
3. diet change became more monocultural
4. reduced knowledge of wider surroundings
5. work lifestyle
6. can sustain a greater # of kids
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14
Q

Scientific Revolution

A

Galileo, Bacon, Descartes, and others developed scientific method to understand nature with the aim to control it

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15
Q

Anthropocene

A

Proposed new epoch characterized by the human ability to modify the biosphere.

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16
Q

Nature

A

Knowledge of the world is mostly innate. (Descartes)

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17
Q

Nurture

A

Behaviour is determined by experiences and all is learned. (Locke)

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18
Q

Interactionism

A

Certain basic knowledge/ abilities are innate, but they can be influenced by experience. (Middle ground b/n nature and nurture)

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19
Q

Proximate Causation

A

Related to internal changes in an animal, such as hormones. Explains how an animal produces a behaviour (a goal of reductionism)

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20
Q

Ultimate Causation

A

Relates to evolutionary causes of behaviour. Explains why an animal behaves as it does.

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21
Q

Genes

A

Hereditable information allowing cells to function (found in DNA)

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22
Q

Chromosomes

A

Found within the nucleus of a cell, contains DNA

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23
Q

Diploid Set

A

Cells in the body with 23 pairs of chromosomes (non-reproductive cells)

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24
Q

Haploid Set

A

1/2 of each diploid pair, contains only 23 chromosomes (reproductive cells)

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25
Q

Nucleus

A

The Center of control of a cell contains chromosomes & DNA

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26
Q

DNA

A

A complex molecule that contains genetic information

27
Q

Alleles

A

Different forms of the same gene

28
Q

Homozygous

A

Alleles code for the same phenotype

29
Q

Heterozygous

A

Alleles code for different phenotypes

30
Q

Innate behaviours of humans

A

Behaviours that are either present at birth or that develop rapidly as a child matures. Ex. inborn reflexes, attraction to novelty, desire to play & manipulate objects, basic cognitive skills

31
Q

Baby Scheme / Kindchenschemas

A

Certain facial characteristics have a high appeal to humans, including the perception of cuteness, eliciting caretaking behaviour.

32
Q

When does Baby Scheme / Kindchenschemas develop

A

3-6 years

33
Q

Piloerection

A

Hairs stand up as a reaction to fright or cold.

34
Q

Purpose of piloerection

A

Inherited from our ancestors who had fur, and makes us look bigger and scarier

35
Q

Preference for cover

A

Unconscious use of environmental features for cover. (ex. sitting against a wall, children building caves & forts)

36
Q

Innate Social Behaviour example

A

Stretching out hands to initiate contact and signal affection and caring. Comes from primate behaviour of social grooming.

37
Q

Moro Reflex

A

Response to a sudden loss of balance/ support. Present at birth then disappears at around 3 months

38
Q

Grasping Reflex

A

Human infants are able to support their own weight with this reflex. Reflects that primates would grasp their mothers and attach themselves to their fur.

39
Q

Rooting Reflex

A

Touching/ stroking a baby’s mouth leads to a head turn and opening of the mouth in the direction of the stroking. Helps the baby to find the breast and start feeding.

40
Q

Laughing

A

We are born with this ability because blind and deaf people can laugh

41
Q

Trait

A

Distinguishing quality or characteristic

42
Q

Twin studies on intelligence

A

Found that monozygotic twins were similar in intelligence even if they grew up apart, demonstrating that intelligence is largely genetic (0.4-0.6 in children, 0.6-0.8 in adults)

43
Q

Heritability

A

a measure of how well differences in people’s genes account for differences in their traits (ranges from 0-1)

44
Q

Dizygotic Twins

A

Two sperm fertilize two eggs, which become two zygotes (fraternal, do not have the same genes)

45
Q

Monozygotic Twins

A

One sperm fertilizes one egg, which splits in two (identical, have the same genes)

46
Q

Natural Selection

A

Organisms best adapted to their environment have a better chance of surviving and reproducing.

47
Q

Rapid Multiplication

A

Organisms produce more offspring than can survive

48
Q

Limited Resources

A

Organisms must compete for resources

49
Q

Struggle for existence (3 types)

A

Intraspecific
Interspecific
Enviornment

50
Q

Connection b/n Variation and Adaptation

A

More genetic variation = more likely to adapt

51
Q

Survival of the fittest

A

NATURAL SELECTION

acts on phenotype

52
Q

T OR F: Natural selection acts on the genotype

A

False: it acts on the phenotype

53
Q

5 principles of natural selection

A 
Rapid multiplication
Limited resources
Struggle for existence
Variation & Adaptation
Survival of the fittest
54
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Unicellular, no membrane bound organelles

55
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Specialized organelles surrounded by a membrane

56
Q

T or F: Cells can make mitochondria

A

False: they elongate & split via binary fission

57
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Eukaryotic cells arose from the symbiosis of singly living prokaryotic life forms

58
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Traces our commonalities to natural selection

59
Q

3 problems with evolutionary psych

A
  1. modularity
    - hard to reconcile w behavioral claimes
  2. confirmation testing
    - little research to test genetic/environmental
  3. single genetic model factors
    - doesn’t explain traits that don’t increase fitness
60
Q

Mate selection according to evolutionary psych.

A

Males & females evolved different mating strategies
Males- promiscuous
Females- choosy

61
Q

Symbitioic process

A

Symbiotic relationships between prokaryotic cells led to the development of eukaryotic cells

62
Q

Spontaneous mutation

A

the result of errors in natural biological processes

63
Q

Cross-over

A

the swapping of genetic material during meiosis

64
Q

Denisovan

A

A recent addition to the Hominid Family Tree. Crossbred with Homo Neanderthals & Sapiens.

PSYC 100 (12 decks)

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