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PSYC 100 > L10: Personality > Flashcards

L10: Personality Flashcards

1
Q

Personality (def)

A

Consistent, stable behaviour patterns & intrapersonal processes originating within the individual

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2
Q

Humourism Theory

A

There are 4 vital humours (Galen)

1) Phlegm: calm, reserved
2) Blood: social, optimistic
3) Yellow bile: short tempered, ambitious
4) Black bile: fearful, introspective

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3
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory

A

Freud: There are three levels of consciousness, and the three parts of personality function within these levels. (unconscious, preconscious, conscious)

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4
Q

Freud’s 3 levels of awareness

A

Unconscious mind
Preconscious mind
Conscious mind

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5
Q

Unconscious Mind

A

The part of our mental life that influences our thoughts, feelings, and actions that we cannot directly observe and of which we are unaware

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6
Q

Preconscious Mind

A

Thoughts and motives have the potential to become consciously accessible if they are cued

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7
Q

Conscious Mind

A

Thoughts, goals, and motivations that we are aware of

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8
Q

Id

A
  • the manifestation of unconscious and instinctual drives and needs
  • governed by the pleasure-pain principle
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9
Q

Ego

A
  • Represents the largely conscious awareness of reality and the ability to mediate the needs of the id within the constraints of reality
  • governed by the reality principle
  • Reason & self-control
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10
Q

Superego

A
  • Represents the internalized cultural and social rules and ideals that guide our moral conscience
  • governed by the morality principle
  • Morality & ideals
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11
Q

Pleasure-pain principle

A

increase pleasure & reduce pain

id

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12
Q

Reality principle

A

the ego tries to mediate compromises of need fulfillment versus current constraints

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13
Q

Morality principle

A

interested in conforming to whatever standards of right and wrong it has been taught (superego)

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14
Q

Defence Mechanisms of the Ego

A

the ways in which the ego copes with conflict between the unconscious desires of the id and the moral constraints of society

includes: repression, denial, displacement, projection, and reaction formation

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15
Q

Repression

A

Global strategy the ego uses to keep unacceptable/unwanted feelings, thoughts, and memories below the level of conscious awareness

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16
Q

Critiques of Psychoanalytic Theory

A

1) Not based on scientific methodology

2) Lack of empirical support

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17
Q

Contribution of Psychoanalytic Theory

A

1) Existence of unconscious thought
2) Importance of early development
3) Influence of mind on body
4) The talking cure

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18
Q

Trait approach (Allport)

A

Gordon Allport classified traits into 3 categories:

1) Cardinal traits -those that dominant a personality.
2) Central traits -general dispositions that describe a person
3) Secondary traits -relevant in only certain contexts; preferences; more modified

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19
Q

Measurement Approaches

A

1) Assessing traits (accurate measurement w/ tools)
2) Self-reports (people describe about themselves)
3) Informant reports (rating by friends & family)
4) Behavioural data (direct observation)
5) Life data (publicly accessible data)

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20
Q

Lexical Hypothesis

A

Allport & Cattell

Traits that provide useful ways to differentiate among people’s characteristics are necessarily encoded in language

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21
Q

Trait Approach (Cattell)

A
  • Traits are relatively permanent broad reaction tendencies and serves as building blocks of personality
  • There are 16 primary traits
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22
Q

Big Five Theory

A

The dominant model in the trait approach to personality, which posits five key dimensions along which humans vary

1) Openness to experience
2) Conscientiousness
3) Extraversion
4) Agreeableness
5) Neuroticism

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23
Q

Openness to Experience

A

Extent to which a person is imaginative, independent, and prefers variety.

Lower: Preference for known
Higher: Creative, curious, preference for unknown

24
Q

Conscientiousness

A

Extent to which a person is organized, careful, and responsible

Lower: Disorganized, impulsive
Higher: Thorough, dependable, organized

25
Q

Extraversion

A

Extent to which a person is energetic and outgoing

Lower: reserved, quiet
Higher: Energetic, outgoing

26
Q

Agreeableness

A

Extent to which a person is good-natured, helpful, and trusting

Lower: critical, uncooperative
Higher: kind, helpful, cooperative

27
Q

Neuroticism

A

Extent to which a person is calm and secure

Lower: emotionally stable, clam
Higher: anxious, worried, and moody

28
Q

Ways to measure personality stability

A

1) Rank-order stability: Change relative to others in the same group overtime
2) Mean Level changes: average shifts in personality over the lifespan

29
Q

Change in the big five over time

A

1) Increase in a
2) Increase in c
3) Decrease in N
4) Increase in O in early adulthood, then stabilizes and reduces in later adulthood
5) E is mixed: social vitality stays the same, but social dominance increases

30
Q

Heritability of personality

A

Significant, approx 0.5

31
Q

Behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

The general tendency toward approach

32
Q

Behaviour inhibition system (BIS)

A

The general tendency toward avoidance

33
Q

Person by situation debate

A

traits can be context-specific

34
Q

Person by situation interactions (behavioural signatures)

A

it is necessary to account for both personal dispositions and the situation people find themselves in, as well as the interaction between the two

If Person X is in situation Y, then they do Z

35
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

A cyclical process of personal and environmental factors influencing each other

36
Q

Locus of Control

A

the degree to which people believe that they, as opposed to external forces (beyond their influence), have control over the outcome of events in their lives

Internal locus of control: they can control their own fate
External locus of control: chance or outside forces determine what happens to them

37
Q

Self-efficacy

A

The belief that one can successfully execute a behavior required by a particular situation (I can do it; I am capable of doing

38
Q

Outcome efficacy

A

The belief that if a person can perform a behavior, a desired outcome will result

39
Q

Learned helplessness

A

A state of passive resignation to an aversive situation that one has come to believe is outside of one’s control

40
Q

Social role theory

A

the roles that we find ourselves in can shape our personality

41
Q

Roger’s Self Theory

A
  • Natural human state is to be a fully functioning person
  • The self is an integrated whole organism that interprets the world
  • He focused on ways to foster and attain self-actualization
42
Q

Unconditional Positive Regard

A

being accepted/valued without condition

43
Q

Peak experiences/ flow

A

The present moment is experienced fully during an activity of intrinsic value

44
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

1) Physiological Needs
2) Safety Needs
3) Social Needs
4) Esteem Needs
5) Self Actualization

45
Q

Self- Actualization

A
  • Acceptance of self, others, and nature
  • Problem-focused
  • Independent from culture/environment
  • Democratic values
  • Deep ties with relatively few people
46
Q

Self- Concept

A
  • The broad dynamic network of mental representations that a person has of him or herself; self-knowledge structure
  • Includes network of possible selves which motivate our behaviour
47
Q

Working self-concept

A

the most salient concepts of the self in brought to mind in a given context

48
Q

Self-esteem

A

Our general attitude toward ourselves; self-worth

  • people are motivated to view themselves positively
  • people tend to see themselves positively
49
Q

Sociometer Theory

A

people use self-esteem, a judgement of self-worth, to assess the degree to which they are accepted by others

50
Q

Terror Management Theory

A

self-esteem allows people to cope with existential terror stemming from their awareness of their own mortality

51
Q

Narcissism

A

the tendency to have unrealistic and self-aggrandizing views of one’s self

52
Q

Independent self-construal

A
  • individuals are valued for what they can do on their own.

- we conceive the self as a bounded and stable entity

53
Q

Interdependent self-construal

A
  • who we are as individuals makes sense only in the context of those around us, as a part of a larger unit
  • the self can be defined quite differently from one context to the next
54
Q

Humanistic Theory

A
  • one’s inner psychological experiences as perceived by the person
  • human beings are inherently good and seek to reach their full potential
  • people have free will and are responsible for themselves
55
Q

Social Learning Theory

A
  • Julian Rotter
  • we have expectations about reinforcements
  • consistent behaviour patterns are learned by experience and observation of the social environment
56
Q

Social-Cognitive Approach

A

Walter Mischel

  • Consistency across situations is lower than imagined
  • Traits can be reframed as templates
  • We should search for mechanisms that explain a trait’s behaviour
57
Q

Biological Approach

A

physiological systems, genes

PSYC 100 (12 decks)

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