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PSYC 100 > L11: Social Psych > Flashcards

L11: Social Psych Flashcards

1
Q

Social Psych (def)

A

The scientific attempt to understand and explain how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviours of individuals are influence by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others

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2
Q

First Impressions

A

Initial judgments of the character of other people. Made quickly, with very little information, especially from faces.

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3
Q

Impression Formation

A

Based on trustworthiness/warmth and competence

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4
Q

Primacy Effect

A

Order matters, we remember earlier info and take it into account more than later info

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5
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Attending to information that’s consistent with an initial impression, and ignoring information not consistent with these beliefs.

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6
Q

Accuracy of First Impressions

A

Generally, fairly accurate. The more we get to know someone, the more accurate we are. The better our motivation to be accurate, the more accurate we are likely to be

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7
Q

Attributions

A

Inferences we make about the causes of behaviour

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8
Q

Dispositional Attributes

A

Internal factors such as traits, values, attitudes, and beliefs

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9
Q

Situational Attributes

A

External factors, such as events and context

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10
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

When people try to figure out the cause of another person’s behaviour in Western cultures, they tend to overestimate the impact of internal influences and underestimate the impact of external influences

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11
Q

Actor-Observer Bias

A

We are more likely to explain our own behaviour through external attributes, while explaining others’ behaviour through internal attributes

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12
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

We are more likely to attribute our successes to internal explanations and our failures to external explanations

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13
Q

Affective forecasting

A

Estimating how we will feel in the future. Usually not very accurate, because we place too much emphasis on one quality

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14
Q

Attitude (def)

A

Positive, negative, indifferent, mixed reaction or orientation towards a person, object, or idea

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15
Q

Explicit Attitudes

A

Easy to report, conscious of it, can be updated with new info

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16
Q

Implicit Attitudes

A

Quick, automatic, unconscious, not aware of it difficult to update

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17
Q

Implicit Association Tests (IAT)

A

Very common method of testing for attitudes, uses reaction times and/or categorization tasks (faster responses presumably reveal bias

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18
Q

Behavior

A

Consequences of attitudes

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19
Q

When are attitudes most likely to predict behaviour?

A

When they are about specific issues & when they are strong attitudes

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20
Q

Persuasion

A

Changing people’s attitudes as a means to change their behaviour

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21
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A

Dual process theory of persuasion: central and peripheral routes

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22
Q

Central route

A

High effort argument that results in a lasting change in attitude

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23
Q

Peripheral route

A

Low effort argument that results in a temporary change in attitude

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24
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory (Festinger)

A

We strongly desire cognitive consistency in which beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours are compatible. When there is discrepancy b/n beliefs and attitudes we experience dissonance, and act irrationally to reduce it.

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25
Q

Dissonance

A

A state of inner tension

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26
Q

Strategies to reduce dissonance

A

1) Change in belief
2) Change behaviour
3) Change perception of the original behaviour

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27
Q

Post decision dissonance (Brehm)

A

Decision can’t be undone, so after the discus one focusses on the positive features of the chosen option and the negative features of the option not chosen.`

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28
Q

Effort Justification

A

One devotes mental energy to justifying what they’ve done

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29
Q

Social Norms

A

Commonly shared beliefs about appropriate actions that vary across context, culture, and time

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30
Q

Individualistic vs. Collectivist cultures

A

Individualistic: tend to value independence, autonomy, self-reliance to a greater extent

Collectivist: tend to value interdependence, cooperation, and social harmony to a greater extent

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31
Q

Social influence

A

The automatic way people are affected by the real and imaged presence of others

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32
Q

3 ways we yield to social influence

A

Least to greatest pressure:

Conformity, compliance, obedience

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33
Q

Conformity

A

Changing our perceptions, opinions, or behaviour in ways that are consistent with group norms

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34
Q

Compliance

A

Changing our behaviour in response to direct requests

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35
Q

Obedience

A

Changing our behaviour in response to commands by perceived authority figures

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36
Q

Reasons for conforming

A

Informational & normative influence

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37
Q

Informational social influence

A

The need to be right and seek information

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38
Q

Normative social influence

A

We fear social ostracism, judgment, and social exclusion

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39
Q

Stanley Milgram Experiments

A

To what extent will people comply with requests/directives from a perceived authority figure to harm another person? 40 men @ Harvard university everyone went to at least 300 v and 65% went all the way

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40
Q

Factors that push around the obedience to authority effect

A
  • having two participants
  • study conducted off campus
  • experimenter communicates by phone from another room
  • teacher is in the same room as the learner (person receiving the shock)
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41
Q

Milgram Replication Study (Burger)

A

Same methodology: 70 men & women

Findings: 70% continued to 150 V (max allowed). although obedience diminished, it is by no means extinct today

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42
Q

Aggression (def)

A

Behaviour intended to harm another individual. Can be physical, verbal, emotional, direct, or indirect

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43
Q

violence

A

Extreme agression

44
Q

Instrumental aggression (proactive aggression)

A

Harmful behaviour that has a purpose to it

45
Q

Hostile Aggression (reactive aggression)

A

Motivated by hostility with the goal to harm someone

46
Q

Theories of Aggression

A

Biological & environmental models

47
Q

Genetic theory of aggression

A

heritability 0.3-0.6

specific genes, ex. MAO-A

48
Q

Hormone theory of aggression

A

hormones like testosterone and cortisol can cause an increase in aggression

49
Q

Executive functioning

A

cognitive abilities that allow people to plan & inhibit their actions

50
Q

Brain physiology theory of aggression

A

amygdala and abnormalities in frontal lobe structures can disrupt executive functioning and lead to aggression

51
Q

Environmental factors theory of aggression

A
  • heat/hot weather
  • crowding
  • social provocation
  • social learning
52
Q

Social provocation

A

insults or social rejection

53
Q

Social learning

A
  • we learn to be aggressive via behaviour modelling

- we learn to be more/less aggressive via rewards and punishments

54
Q

the BOBO Doll studies

A
  • randomly assigned young children to different experimental conditions in each study
  • watching modelled aggression led to more aggression in children
  • modelled aggression led to more aggression when it was rewarded, less aggression when it was punished
55
Q

General aggression model

A

a comprehensive model of aggression

person & situation factors can cause a person to act aggressively, or not act aggressively.

56
Q

Prosocial behaviour

A

actions intended to benefit others. ex. helping, comforting, sharing, cooperating

57
Q

altruism

A

refers to behaviours intended to benefit another without expectations of anything in return

58
Q

reciprocal altruism

A

actions that benefit others, despite some immediate risk or cost that are repaid in the long run

59
Q

reciprocity norm

A

give and take rule: if someone helps us, we should help them in return
people can get very dissatisfied when there is no reciprocation in return

60
Q

short-term relationships

A

reciprocation is expected right away or soon

61
Q

lasting relationships

A

no score keeping, reciprocation is expected over the long run

62
Q

bystander effect

A

the presence of others inhibits helping

63
Q

two explanations for the bystander effect

A
  1. diffusion of responsibility

2. pluralistic ignorance

64
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

people will help less, more slowly, the more bystanders there are

65
Q

pluralistic ignorance

A

the tendency to misinterpret social cues and rely on the overt reaction of others in ambiguous situations, which leads to inaction

66
Q

decision model of helping

A
  1. notice the event
  2. interpret the event as an emergency
  3. assume responsibility
  4. know the appropriate form of assistance
  5. provide help
67
Q

stereotyping

A

beliefs, schemas, or automatic associations that link whole groups of people with certain traits or characteristics.

68
Q

prejudice

A

learned attitudes or affective responses toward or about a group and its individual members. can be positive or negative, but usually discussed as being negative

69
Q

discrimination

A

differential treatment/ behaviours directed against people because of their group membership

70
Q

social categorization

A

we categorize people into different groups based on shared characteristics or common attributes. is adaptive (allows us to make predictions about individuals) , but has costs (often not accurate and can blind us to the reality that people are diverse)

71
Q

modern/aversive racism

A

subtle form of racism, rejection of explicitly racist beliefs, but still feeling a dislike or having a negative implicit attitude towards a racial group which can surface in safe, socially acceptable ways

72
Q

Robber’s cave study

A
  • sought to examine how prejudice and discrimination might develop and how they might be reduced
  • demonstrated realistic conflict theory: competition for resources increased prejudice
  • prejudice reduced by forcing the groups to work together to reach common goals, but contact alone was not enough
73
Q

Realistic conflict theory

A

Prejudice and conflict arise from competition for scarce resources among groups

74
Q

social identity theory

A

a person’s self-concept and self-esteem are derived from the status and accomplishments of various groups to which the person belongs. prejudice and conflict arise from in-group favouritism and discrimination may make one feel better about their own group membership

75
Q

Baumeister & Leary

A

The fundamental human need to belong. Need to form meaningful and repeated connections

76
Q

Interpersonal attraction

A

Positive orientation towards someone. Not necessarily romantic/sexual

77
Q

Main factors influencing initial interpersonal attraction

A

1) Proximity: we are more likely to get together with someone when they are physically nearby
2) Familiarity: we tend to like people who are known to us
3) Similarity: we tend to like similar others: personality, attitudes, values, interests
4) Reciprocity: we like those who like us; very validating
5) Physical attractiveness: a rewarding visible and immediate stimulus; bias for beauty

78
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

the more you see a novel stimulus, the more you like it. easier to cognitively process familiar stimuli

79
Q

Halo effect

A

belief that attractive people possess a bunch of other positive qualities

80
Q

Romantic/Sexual Attraction

A

Physical attractiveness is the strongest predictor of romantic interest because it is biologically considered a sign of health

81
Q

investment theory

A

women invest much more so they should be much more selective, while men should value fertility/ health (attractiveness)

82
Q

attachment theory

A

Human infants develop intensely strong emotional bonds with caretakers as a survival strategy. Having these close emotional bonds increases survival, so children develop internal models giving rise to attachment styles.

83
Q

Adult Attachment theory

A

Adults continue to develop attachment bonds with close others throughout life

84
Q

Attachment styles

A

Characterized by intimacy avoidance and abandonment anxiety

1) Dismissive
2) Fearful
3) Secure
4) Preoccupied

85
Q

Gottman’s 4 horsemen of the apocalypse

A

Communication patterns that destroy trust in relationships

Criticism, Contempt, Defensiveness, Stonewalling

86
Q

Criticism

A

person attacks on a person’s character

87
Q

Contempt

A

being hostile or dismissive. ex. eyerolling, scoffing

88
Q

Defensiveness

A

denying personal responsibility, shifting blame

89
Q

Stonewalling

A

withdrawing from conversation/ relationship to avoid conflict. turning out, ignoring, fear-based shutting down

90
Q

motivations for prosocial behaviour

A

potentially motivated by egoism (one’s own self-interest) and altruism (genuine concern for others)

91
Q

Cialdini

A

airport patrons who were given unwanted flowers often ended up begrudgingly giving $1-2 donations due to reciprocity norms

92
Q

Two strikes study: Okonofua & Eberhardt

A

How irritated do real teachers about a black vs. white student misbehaving twice? findings: about the same for the first occurrence, but teachers were more irritated and provided more consequences the second time to the black child

93
Q

Allport’s contact hypothesis

A

under appropriate conditions, interpersonal contact is one of the most effective ways to reduce prejudice between majority and minority group members

94
Q

Dismissive attachment style

A

distrusting avoids intimacy, self-reliant

positive view of self and negative view of others

high intimacy avoidance
low abandonment anxiety

95
Q

Fearful attachment style

A

distrusting of others, wants others to like them, but fears rejection

negative view of self and others

high intimacy avoidance
high abandonment anxiety

96
Q

Secure attachment style

A

trusting, more relaxed, feels worthy of love

positive view of self and others

low intimacy avoidance
low abandonment anxiety

97
Q

Preoccupied attachment style

A

dependent on others’ approval to feel good about oneself, fears rejection, jealous, clingy

negative view of self, positive view of others

low intimacy avoidance
high abandonment anxiety

98
Q

Impression management

A

Strategies people use in an attempt to put their best face forward. Includes Self-promotion, Ingratiation, Exemplification, Intimidation, Supplication

99
Q

False consensus effect

A

This tendency to use the self as an anchor and overestimate the extent to which other people’s beliefs and attitudes are similar to our own

100
Q

social facilitation

A

the mere presence of others can boost arousal in a way that facilitates the dominant response

101
Q

social loafing

A

the tendency for individuals to expend less effort on a task when they are doing it with others rather than alone

102
Q

overcoming the bystander effect

A

if you need help and people are around, identify one person and ask them directly for help. when given responsibility, people are much more likely to help

103
Q

in-group favouritism

A

We tend to like members of our group more

104
Q

efficacy

A

beneficial results under ideal conditions

105
Q

effectiveness

A

beneficial results under day-to-day circumstances

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