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PSYC 100 > L08: Learning > Flashcards

L08: Learning Flashcards

1
Q

The problem of learning

A

How to create knowledge and behaviour from nothing?

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2
Q

Thorndikes’ Associative Laws

A

Law of Readiness & Law of Exercise

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3
Q

The Law of Readiness (Motivation)

A

A satisfying state of affairs results when an individual is ready to learn and is allowed to do so.

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4
Q

The Law of Exercise

A

Connections may be strengthened by practice

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5
Q

Hebb’s Rule

A

When the axon of cell A is near enough to excite cell B and repeatedly takes part in its firing, A’s efficiency as one of the cells firing B is increased

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6
Q

Learning (def)

A

A relatively permanent change in the organism brought on by experience

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7
Q

Performance vs. Knowing

A

An organism might know something but knowledge will only be shown in performance

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8
Q

Behaviourism

A

A criticism of introspection: you should only use publically accessible data

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9
Q

Issues with Behaviourism

A

1) Monistic Theories
- reinforcement is the sole cornerstone of learning

2) Radical Behaviourism Theories
- restricts appropriate data and levels of explanation

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10
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

A reward following a response strengthens the response tendency

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11
Q

Circular Reinforcement

A

A reward strengthens a response

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12
Q

Punishment

A

Following a response with an aversive stimulus weakens that response

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13
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

A signal is paired with a biologically significant stimulus and after some amount of training, the animal acts as if it expected the stimulus.

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14
Q

Instrumental/ Operant Conditioning

A

the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment

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15
Q

Pavlov

A

Discovered classical conditioning by using quantitative methods to study salivation.

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16
Q

Acquisition of Excitatory Conditioning

A

Conditioned stimulus was paired with an unconditioned stimulus generating an unconditioned response

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17
Q

Extinction

A

Following acquisition training, elimination of the US results in the loss of the UR

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18
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

The reappearance of the conditioned response after a period of lessened response. Occurs after about 20 mins

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19
Q

Inhibition

A

Having the opposite motivational properties to excitation and these properties can be measured (ex. student not doing hwk and teacher not finding out)

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20
Q

Conditioned Inhibition

A

A stimulus signals something that won’t happen

21
Q

Compound/ Configural Stimulus

A

Two stimuli present together

22
Q

Generalization

A

If an animal is trained to respond to one stimulus it will elicit a greater or lesser response depending on how similar they are to the training stimulus

23
Q

Stimulus Dimension

A

Some graded scale/ continuum along which stimuli may be organized

24
Q

Associationism

A

If two events occur together in time, they will be associated

25
Q

S-S Psych/ Expectation Theory

A

The organism comes to expect the stimulus but there is no mechanism for the response CS-> US

26
Q

S-R Psych/ Habit Learning

A

The stimulus generates the response CS-> UR

27
Q

Sensory Preconditioning

A

The original learning doesn’t require reinforcement S-S

28
Q

Tolman’s Sign Learning

A

Behaviour is goal-directed. (expectancy theory)

29
Q

Blocked Path Maze Experiment (Tolman & Honzig)

A

Animals use their cognitive map to choose the best path

30
Q

Latent learning

A

Knowledge only becomes clear once an individual has an incentive to know it. The introduction of rewards improved performance

31
Q

Skinner’s Radical Behaviourism

A

Believed in positive reinforcement and behavioral technology. Did not believe learning curves were appropriate to understand the control of behavior. Instead rate of behavior

32
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

Every response is followed by a reinforcement

33
Q

Fixed Ratio reinforcement schedule

A

An animal must emit a given number of responses to obtain reinforcement

34
Q

Variable Ratio reinforcement schedule

A

Reinforcement is given at varying ratios

35
Q

Fixed Interval reinforcement Schedule

A

Responses are reinforced after a constant interval has elapsed

36
Q

Variable Interval reinforcement schedule

A

Reinforcement is given at non-constant intervals

37
Q

Verbal Behavior (Skinner)

A

Language can be developed through the laws of reinforcement

38
Q

Chomsky

A

The concept of reinforcement is circular and hence explains nothing.
Focused on the abstract communicative function of language

39
Q

Skinner

A

Nearly all behaviours can be modified by changing contingencies. Rewards are more effective than punishments

40
Q

Air Crib

A

Example of behavioural engineering. Provides a safe, comfortable, environment for babies

41
Q

Negative Reinfrocement

A

an attempt to influence behaviour by taking away something unpleasant

42
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response.

43
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that leads to an automatic response

44
Q

Unconditioned response

A

an unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus

45
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

a stimulus tied to biological needs

46
Q

Secondary Reinforcer

A

occurs when a particular stimulus reinforces a certain behaviour via association with a primary reinforcer

47
Q

Shaping

A

the process by which undifferentiated behaviours are gradually changed into the desired target behaviour by the reinforcement of successive approximations.

48
Q

Cognitive Map

A

A learned internal representation of external space

49
Q

Classical vs. Operant conditioning

A

Classical- the animal has no control over the events

Operant- the animal has some control over events

PSYC 100 (12 decks)

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