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PSYC 100 > L07: Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

L07: Sensation & Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

The ability to detect a stimulus. Features of the environment that are used to create understanding of the world.

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2
Q

Perception

A

The act of giving meaning to a detected stimulus. Combining of sensations arriving from the sensory system with prior knowledge.`

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3
Q

Transduction

A

Process where stimuli are converted to neural electrochemical energy.

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4
Q

Psychophysics

A

The science of defining quantitive relationships between physical & psychological events. Relates physical stimuli to the contents of consciousness.

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5
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

Level of stimulus intensity requires to create conscious experience.`

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6
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Accounts for individual biases

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7
Q

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

A

the amount something must be changed in order for a difference to be noticeable, detectable at least half the time

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8
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Processing the elementary messages from the environment

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9
Q

Top-down processing

A

Applying memory, knowledge, etc. to understand and create perception

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10
Q

Extromission theory of vision

A

Eyes send out vision beans, which seize objects. Plato & Galen

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11
Q

Intromission theory of vision

A

Visual perception comes from some representation of the object entering the eyes

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12
Q

What is light

A

Electromagnetic energy that exists as particles (photons) and waves

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13
Q

Wavelength

A

Perceived hue (shade)

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14
Q

Frequency

A

Cycle rate

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15
Q

Amplitude

A

Perceived intensity

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16
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent tissue which allows light rays to enter the eye and focus on objects

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17
Q

Iris

A

Coloured part of the eye consisting of muscular diaphragm which regulates light entering the eye

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18
Q

Pupil

A

Centre of the iris

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19
Q

Lens

A

Crystalline lens inside the eye that enables the changing of focus

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20
Q

Retina

A

Contains photoreceptors

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21
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Light sensitive neurons that transduce light into neural activity

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22
Q

Fovea

A

Smallest pit that contains the highest concentration of colour sensitive light receptors

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23
Q

Neuron Signal Pathway

A
  1. Photoreceptors
  2. Bipolar cells
  3. Ganglion cells
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24
Q

Rods- Function

A
  • responsible for night vision
  • dim light
  • low resolution
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25
Q

Cones- Function

A
  • responsible for daylight vision
  • bright light
  • sensitive to blue, red, and green
  • high resolution
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26
Q

Blindspot

A

Where the optic nerve leaves the eye. no photoreceptors in this area, so the visual system usually fills in the area with info about the surroundings

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27
Q

3 types of cones

A

s- cones
m- cones
l- cones

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28
Q

s- cones

A

short wave cones

blue light

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29
Q

m- cones

A

medium wave length cones

yellow & green light

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30
Q

l- cones

A

long wave length

red light

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31
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Intermeditate cells that determine the info from photoreceptors to ganglion cells

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32
Q

Two types of bipolar cels

A

diffuse bipolar cells

midget bipolar cells

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33
Q

Diffuse bipolar cells

A

Convergence of info in the periphery.

1 diffuse bipolar cell = 50 rods

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34
Q

Midget bipolar cells

A

Found in the fovea.

1 midget bipolar cell= 1 cone

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35
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Final layer of the retina

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36
Q

M-cell

A

diffuse bipolar cells synapse onto m- cells

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37
Q

P-cell

A

midget bipolar cells -> p- cell

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38
Q

Retinal ganglion cell (RGC)

A

axons for the optic tract

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39
Q

Receptive field

A

the region on the retina in which the visual stimuli influence the neural firing rate

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40
Q

Retinal ganglia

A

receptive fields of individual retinal ganglion cells. conveys patterns of life

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41
Q

ON-centre, OFF-surround cell

A

A ganglion cell that increases firing in response to an increase in light intensity

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42
Q

OFF-centre, ON-surround cell

A

A ganglion cell that increases firing in response to a decrease in light intensity in its receptive field

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43
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

Colour vision occurs by comparing the activation of 3 different cones

44
Q

Opponent process theory

A

p-cells fire rapidly to one wavelength and reduce to another, forming pairs of colours (red-green, blue-yellow, black-white)

45
Q

The visual pathway

A
  1. information from the retina leaves the eye via the optic nerve.
  2. information from the optic nerve travels to the optic chasm (cross-over)
  3. information reaches the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus
  4. information reaches the visual striate cortex then the occipital cortex to be processed
46
Q

Feature detectors

A

receptive fields of individual neurons in the visual cortex

47
Q

Simple cells

A

neurons fire vigorously when the line is orientated vertically but reduce firing horizontally

48
Q

Complex cells

A

Fire most when lines are in certain motion

49
Q

Ventral Pathway

A

What stream

Ventural -> temporal lobe -> object recognition

50
Q

Dorsal Pathway

A

Where stream

Dorsal -> parietal lobe -> location of objects in space

51
Q

Gesalt Psychology

A

Describes how people tend to organize visual elements into whole entities

  1. figure-ground law
  2. principle of proximity
  3. principle of similarity
  4. principle of closure
  5. principle of continuation
  6. principle of common fate
52
Q

Figure-ground law

A

a form is naturally perceived as a figure while its surrounding area is perceived as ground

53
Q

principle of proximity

A

elements placed close together are perceived as a group

54
Q

principle of similarity

A

similar objects are perceived as a group

55
Q

principle of closure

A

people perceive the whole by filling in missing info

56
Q

principle of continuation

A

the eye is compelled to move through one object and continue to another object

57
Q

principle of common fate

A

objects moving together are grouped together

58
Q

biological motion

A

the pattern of movement of living beings

59
Q

blindsight

A

damage to one of the visual cortexes leads to conscious blindness. typically only on one side. when patients are asked to identify visual stimuli in their blind field, they can do so with accuracy above change, suggesting conscious and unconscious vision

60
Q

visual agnosia

A

inability to recognize visual objects. associated with issues in the ventral pathway

61
Q

prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize faces. associated with issues in the ventral pathway. shows emotional responses to very close relatives, suggesting unconscious vision

62
Q

akinetopsia

A

inability to detect motion, associated with issues in the dorsal pathway. patients see life in a series of snapshots.

63
Q

Optic Nerve

A

a paired cranial nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain

64
Q

Rods- Distribution

A
  • found in the periphery
  • around 100 million in each eye
  • one photopigment
65
Q

Cones- Distribution

A
  • multiple photopigments
  • around 5 million in each eye
  • spike in the number of cones by the fovea
66
Q

Visible light spectrum

A

We only detect b/n 400-700nm of light

400- ultraviolet, 700- infrared

67
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

X-shaped structure formed by the crossing of the optic nerves in the brain

68
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus

A

a relay center in the thalamus for the visual pathway

69
Q

Visual Striate Cortex

A

The part of the visual cortex that is involved in processing visual information and first receives info from the lateral geniculate nucleus.

70
Q

Occipital Cortex

A

primarily responsible for visual processing. It contains the primary and association visual cortex

71
Q

Sound

A

Vibrations in a medium that cause pressure changes or waves

72
Q

Frequency

A

The number of times per second that a pattern of pressure change repeats. Perceived as pitch

73
Q

Amplitude

A

The magnitude of displacement of a sound pressure wave. Perceived as loudness

74
Q

Outer ear

A

Contains the pinna and tympanic membrane

75
Q

Pinna

A

the outer segment of the ear, shaped to collect and funnel sound toward the tympanic membrane

76
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

also known as the eardrum. Transfers sound energy from air to the ossicle

77
Q

Hair Cells

A

Transduce mechanical movement from sound waves into neural activity

78
Q

Place Theory

A

The brain uses the location of neural firing to understand sound

79
Q

Frequency Theory

A

the more rapidly the cells fire, the higher the perception of the pitch

80
Q

Interpreting sound

A

2 theories: place & frequency theory

81
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Signals info about changes in skin temp. Also responds to chemical stimuli. 2 distinct populations: warm and cold fibers

82
Q

Nociceptors

A

Transmit info about painful stimulation that causes damage to the skin. Mix of signals transduced: mechanical, thermal, and chemical

83
Q

Middle Ear

A

Contains 3 ossicles, tiny bones responsible for amplifying sound arriving at the eardrum to the oval window (small membrane) of the cochlea

84
Q

Ossicles

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

85
Q

Inner ear

A

Helps you hear and maintain your balance. Contains the cochlea

86
Q

Cochlea

A

Fluid-filled, coiled structure with two membranes, creating 3 canals

87
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

Where the hair cells (sound transduction) are located

88
Q

Tectorial Membrane

A

Floats above and connects to hair cells

89
Q

Sound localization

A

Detecting objects’ location in space requires binaural cues

90
Q

Binaural cues (def)

A

Auditory cues that require comparison from both ears

91
Q

Interaural time differences

A

differences in arrival times at each ear

92
Q

Interaural level differences

A

differences in the intensity of sounds that reach each ear

93
Q

Phantom words

A

Although everyone hears the same stimulus, perceptions differ based on our prior knowledge.

94
Q

Tonotopic organisation:

A

The spatial organization of the basilar membrane is maintained through the auditory pathway

95
Q

The auditory pathway

A
  1. Auditory information travels to the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
  2. Info then travels to the auditory cortex in temporal lobes.
96
Q

Mechanoreceptors (def)

A

transduce mechanical stimulation (pressure) into touch sensation

97
Q

Mechanoreceptors (types)

A

Merkel receptor, Meissner Corpuscle, Ruffini cylinder, Pacinian corpuscle

98
Q

Merkel receptor

A

Application and removal of pressure (constant firing while pressure applied)

99
Q

Meissner Corpuscle

A

Application and removal of pressure (fire only during the application and removal –changes in pressure)

100
Q

Ruffini cylinder

A

Interpret stretch of skin

101
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

Vibration and texture

102
Q

Somatosensory Pathway

A

Info is relayed via the thalamus to the contralateral parietal lobe.

103
Q

Somatotopic homunculus

A
  • Spatial mapping of the somatosensory cortex in correspondence to spatial events on the skin
  • Adjacent points on your skin are represented by adjacent points on the somatosensory cortex
104
Q

Body Schema Modifications

A

visual input integrates with and even overrides our conscious body image

105
Q

Split Brain Patients

A

Corpus callosum is severed –communication between the left and right hemisphere is impaired

If a split-brain patient sees an object in the right visual field, this is projected to the left hemisphere and they are able to name the object. When a patient sees an object with their left visual field (which projects to the right hemisphere) they cannot name the object (no access to language system on left hemisphere)

106
Q

What hemisphere is the language center located in

A

Left

107
Q

The interpreter

A

The neuro-psychological concept proposed by Michael Gazzaniga to explain narrative. Causal explanations (narrative) are generated by the left-hemisphere

PSYC 100 (12 decks)

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