L02: History of Ideas in Psych

Question 1

Structuralism

Answer 1

Consciousness can be analyzed into a state of basic constituting elements.

Question 2

Introspection

Answer 2

The examination of one’s own conscious thoughts and feelings.

Question 3

Functionalism

Answer 3

The emphasis in psych should be on the purpose and utility of behaviour.

Question 4

Gesalt Psychology

Answer 4

Looks at the human mind and behaviour as a whole.

“The whole is more than the sum of its parts.”

Question 5

Behaviourism

Answer 5

All behaviours are acquired through conditioning.

Shifted the focus towards biology and studied non-human behaviours

Question 6

Cognitive Revolution

Answer 6

The cognitive model replaced behaviouralism as the most influential model of the human mind.

Question 7

Psychophysiological Model of the Mind

Answer 7

Explains human behaviour by recourse to its biological basis

Question 8

Psychodynamic Model of the Mind

Answer 8

Human behaviour arises from inherited biological drives and the attempt to reduce states of tension and conflict

Question 9

Psychoanalysis

Answer 9

Set of theories and techniques that deal with the unconscious mind.

Question 10

Id

Answer 10

Follows the pleasure principle: Avoid pain and increase pleasure

Question 11

Ego

Answer 11

Reason and self control

Question 12

Superego

Answer 12

Morality and ideals

Question 13

Behaviourist Model of the Mind

Answer 13

Aims to determine what factors in the environment control behaviour

Question 14

Cognitive Model of the Mind

Answer 14

Assumes cognitions are the principle subject of psych

Question 15

Humanistic Model of the Mind

Answer 15

Tries to understand human behaviour by detecting patterns in life histories. Human beings are naturally good and equipped with free will.

Question 16

William James

Answer 16

Inspired functionalism. Father of psych. U.S.

Question 17

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 17

Created the idea of structuralism. Father of psych Europe

Question 18

John Watson

Answer 18

Inspired behaviourism & criticized introspection as inaccessible to the investigator

Question 19

Sigmund Freud

Answer 19

Focused his work on the unconscious as the main motor of behaviour. Followed the psychodynamic model & developed psychoanalysis

Question 20

René Descartes

Answer 20

Founded the idea of dualism

Question 21

Phi Phenomenon

Answer 21

Optical illusion of movement. Instead of two different and separate stimuli, we mistakenly perceive movement of the same stimulus.

Question 22

Emergence

Answer 22

Spontaneous organization of elements that give rise to a form that isn’t really there

Question 23

Multistability

Answer 23

Figure/background selection

Question 24

Reification

Answer 24

Illusionary contours (tendency to consider an object in its entirety before it perceives the object as the sum of individual parts)

Question 25

Invariance

Answer 25

Recognition of objects in different orientations

Question 26

Law of Closure

Answer 26

Humans have the tendency to perceive object outlines as closed.

Question 27

Law of Similarily

Answer 27

Objects that are similar are grouped together and perceived as a whole.

Question 28

Law of Proximity

Answer 28

Objects that are close to each other belong together

Question 29

Law of Continuity

Answer 29

We perceive two separate objects as continuous and part of one

Question 30

The McGurk Effect

Answer 30

What you see can affect what you are hearing

Question 31

Pavlov’s Experiment

Answer 31

Dogs salivating when there’s no food due to being condition by the sound of a tuning fork

Question 32

Parallelism

Answer 32

There is no causal interaction between mind and body