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PSYC 100 > L04: Methods > Flashcards

L04: Methods Flashcards

1
Q

Braintenberg Vehicles

A

Machines with a very simple internal structure that were then studied as if they were animals in a natural environment to describe their behaviour.

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2
Q

Ockham’s Razor

A

Given several explanations for a phenomenon, the most simple one should be accepted.

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3
Q

Reductionism & Its limits

A

Describing things in terms of simpler phenomena.

Problem: Very complex behaviour can arise from a small set of simple principles. Simple explanations are easier to test.

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4
Q

Rationalism

A

Observation is not only unnecessary but potentially misleading.

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5
Q

Empiricism

A

Hypothesis & theories need to be confirmed by observation

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6
Q

Scientific Method

A
  1. Make observations
  2. Ask how/why
  3. Form hypothesis
  4. Use hypothesis for prediction
  5. Run experiment
  6. Analyze outcomes
  7. Report results
  8. Hypothesis proven/disproven
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7
Q

Inductivism

A

Several observations are used to induce theories, which are used to deduce hypothesis, eventually leading to laws.

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8
Q

Falsification

A

Tests are designed to refute the predictions, not to confirm a theory. If the prediction is falsified, the theory is wrong.

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9
Q

Kuhn’s Scientific Process (Constructivism)

A

Paradigm Shift

random fact gathering > puzzle solving research > anomaly > crisis > revolution

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10
Q

Observer Effects

A

Include: experimenter bias, demand characteristics, representativeness, and artificiality

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11
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

The experimenter may subconsciously affect the behaviour of the participants

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12
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

The person being studied might engage in the experiment actively, leading participants to respond in a way to confirm the assumed hypothesis and please the experimenter.

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13
Q

Milgram Experiment

A

Participants were willing to give a fatal shock to an innocent person because they were instructed to do so by the experimenter (demonstrates demand characteristics)

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14
Q

Representativeness

A

Psych research should be representative of the human population

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15
Q

Artificiality

A

Psych research often unfolds inside research labs, where participants are subjected to bizarre, reductionist tasks.

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16
Q

Descriptive Methods

A

Based on observation and case studies

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17
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Psychologists observe the behaviours of people/animals in their every day environments to avoid interfering with usual behaviour.

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18
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

Being observed can lead participants to change their behaviour to make a good impression

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19
Q

Hawthorne Experiment

A

Productivity increased when people were being observed

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20
Q

Reactivity

A

Individuals alter their performance or behavior due to the awareness that they are being observed

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21
Q

Expectancy Effect

A

Experimenters’ expectations cause them to give off subtle cues that change behaviour

22
Q

Expectancy Effect Experiment

A

Rats trained by students who believed their rats were bred to be fast did the task quicker.

23
Q

Response Bias

A

Tendency to answer survey questions incorrectly for various reasons.

24
Q

Correleation Studies

A

Explore how variables are naturally related, but cannot detect causal relationships

25
Q

Directionality Problem

A

Direction of the relationship can appear ambiguous. Causation cannot be inferred

26
Q

Positive Correlation

A

as x increases y increases

27
Q

Negative Correlation

A

as x increases y decreases

28
Q

Zero Correlation

A

variables aren’t related

29
Q

Third Variable

A

Relationship may be depending on a third, not measured variable

30
Q

Independent Variable

A

Is manipulated

31
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Affected by the manipulation

32
Q

Confounding Variable

A

Influences the IV but is not controlled in the experiment

33
Q

Cause and effect relationship

A

Requires rigorous control to confirm this relationship

34
Q

Experimental Groups

A

IV is manipulated

35
Q

Control Group

A

The standard to which comparisons are made in an experiment (IV is left as is)

36
Q

Experimental Hypothesis

A

Any differences are due to a variable controlled in the experiment

37
Q

Internal Validity

A

Study is well-designed and free from biases or confounds

38
Q

External Validity

A

How well the outcome of a study can be expected to apply to other settings

39
Q

Descriptive Stats

A

Way to organize, summarize, and generally describe raw data.

40
Q

Sample

A

A subset of the larger population we are interested in

41
Q

Population

A

A large pool of individuals from which a sample is drawn.

42
Q

Sampling Error

A

error in a statistical analysis arising from the unrepresentativeness of the sample taken

43
Q

Frequency Distribution

A

Also known as a histogram. Provides a picture of how the data is distributed across the range of possible values

44
Q

Central tendency

A

descriptive summary of a dataset through a single value that reflects the center of the data distribution
Mean, median, and mode

45
Q

Mode

A

The value that occurs most often in a dataset

46
Q

Median

A

Corresponds to the 50th percentile

47
Q

Mean

A

The average value in a dataset

48
Q

Normal Distribution

A

Symmetrical and bell shaped curve where the mean, median, and mode are the same. (ex. IQ scores)

49
Q

Variability

A

Degree of spread in the distribution

50
Q

Standard Deviation

A

The average distance of all data points from the mean

51
Q

Statistically Significant

A

Said to occur when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low (less than 5%)

PSYC 100 (12 decks)

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