L10 Was Aristotle Wrong Flashcards
Thomas Kuhn
wrote “The structure of Scientific Revolution”
- internal approach
argument: there is no single revolution, there is series of small revolutions called the “paradigm shifts”
- he was against the church
- Improved Ptolemy’s system to make it work with Platonic system (perfect circle movements), moved sun to center of system to eliminate epicycles.
Nicholas Copernicus
wrote “Empire and Communications”
- external approach
argument: SR was due to free access to knowledge/communication - made possible by Gutenberg’s Press
- removal/bypassing of gatekeepers of knowledge (Roman Catholic Church) after 1450, hence work had greater influence/impact.
Harold Innis
“Starry Messenger” published by Galileo
1610
“Dialogue” published by Galileo
1632
- dialogue between ptolemeic and copernican astronomer
- pope is ‘idiot’, got in trouble
Impetus
1277
Impetus (moving force) imbedded in the object itself and not the mover.
-challenged Aristotelian system: movement of an object ceased when the mover is no longer in contact with it.
Paradigm shifts
- established science
- normal science (puzzle solving process)
- novelty/anomaly
- crisis in normal established science
- emergence of a new paradigm (revolution)
- new formal science
1327
- built first European clock
- broke connection between man and the natural world
- replaced natural cosmos/god with a machine
Richard of Wallingford
- established science
- normal science (puzzle solving process)
- novelty/anomaly
- crisis in normal established science
- emergence of a ew paradigm (revolution)
- new formal science
Paradigm shifts
Almagest published
150 AD
1543
Published “De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium” when he died, to avoid church from punishing him
-started scientific revolution, it contradicted the bible/ptolemy, could not be held back due to printing press, large impact.
Death of Copernicus
- Opposed Aristotelian logic and promoted repeatable experimentation
- published “Starry Messenger”
- used telescope and saw that sun had spots, planets are not perfect spheres like what Plato said
- earth moves around the sun, not in center of universe
- there was no god, or ‘prime mover’
Galileo Galilei
- established model of perfect scientist
- one who defies authority in search for truth
150 AD
Almagest published
1633
If sun is in the middle, then earth is moving at great speed. prove it.
-Galileo uses ocean tides as proof, but was wrong because of Posidonius.
Galileo called before the Wholly Inquisition
mechanical philosophy/world view (Galileo’s cosmos and Newtonian laws of motion)
Clocks led to…
wrote thesis “puritarianism and the rise of modern science”
- external approach (one of first people)
argument: scientific revoution was not caused by scientific endeavors, but by religion (protestants and puritans) - SR/IR took place only in protestant countries
Robert Merton
- First to compare universe to a machine (clock)
- said god is a supreme watchmaker
- world and universe are perfect machines
Nicholas Oresme
- Thomas Kuhn
- Robert Merton
- Edgar Zilsel
- Harold Innis
- Herbert Butterfield
5 theories about origins and nature of the Scientific Revoution/modern science:
1610
“Starry Messenger” published by Galileo
1632
- dialogue between ptolemeic and copernican astronomer
- pope is ‘idiot’, got in trouble
“Dialogue” published by Galileo
Nicholas Oresme
-First to compare universe to a machine (clock)-said god is a supreme watchmaker-world and universe are perfect machines
Herbert Butterfield
wrote “the origins of modern science”
- internal approach
argument: SR took place in sphere of physics (movement of bodies) - took place in medieval Europe 1277 (theory of impetus)
- shift frmo Aristotelian theory of motion to the medieval concept of impetus
1277
Impetus (moving force) imbedded in the object itself and not the mover.
-challenged Aristotelian system: movement of an object ceased when the mover is no longer in contact with it.
Impetus
2 major approaches to science
Internal - Make discoveries without being affected by social factors (independent inventor/inborn genius)
External - External social factors shape development of science (no inborn genius, no independent idea)
Scientific Revolution
1543-1700 ^ death of copernicus 1543
- Period of evolution of natural philosophy into modern science
- shift of question from why the universe works to how it works
Nicholas Copernicus
- he was against the church
- Improved Ptolemy’s system to make it work with Platonic system (perfect circle movements), moved sun to center of system to eliminate epicycles.
Mechanical philosophy
Galileo/Newton’s approach - cosmology
1543-1700 ^ death of copernicus 1543
- Period of evolution of natural philosophy into modern science
- shift of question from why the universe works to how it works
Scientific Revolution
Claudius Ptolemy
- wrote “almagest” 150 AD
- first mathematical model of cosmos based on geocentrism and epicycles
wrote “The structure of Scientific Revolution”
- internal approach
argument: there is no single revolution, there is series of small revolutions called the “paradigm shifts”
Thomas Kuhn
Galileo Galilei
- established model of perfect scientist
- one who defies authority in search for truth
- Opposed Aristotelian logic and promoted repeatable experimentation
- published “Starry Messenger”
- used telescope and saw that sun had spots, planets are not perfect spheres like what Plato said
- earth moves around the sun, not in center of unviverse-there was no god, ot ‘prime mover’
Galileo called before the Wholly Inquisition
1633
If sun is in the middle, then earth is moving at great speed. prove it.
-Galileo uses ocean tides as proof, but was wrong because of Posidonius.
1642
Galileo dies in house arrest
Harold Innis
wrote “Empire and Communications”
- external approach
argument: SR was due to free access to knowledge/communication - made possible by Gutenberg’s Press-removal/bypassing of gatekeepers of knowledge (Roman Catholic Church) after 1450, hence work had greater influence/impact.
Galileo dies in house arrest
1642
wrote “the origins of modern science”
- internal approach
argument: SR took place in sphere of physics (movement of bodies) - took place in medieval Europe 1277 (theory of impetus)
- shift frmo Aristotelian theory of motion to the medieval concept of impetus
Herbert Butterfield
Internal - Make discoveries without being affected by social factors (independent inventor/inborn genius) External - External social factors shape development of science (no inborn genius, no independent idea)
2 major approaches to science
Richard of Wallingford
1327
- built first european clock
- broke connection between man and the natural world
- replaced natural cosmos/god with a machine
Galileo/Newton’s approach - cosmology
Mechanical philosophy
- wrote “almagest” 150 AD
- first mathematical model of cosmos based on geocentrism and epicycles
Claudius Ptolemy
5 theories about origins and nature of the Scientific Revoution/modern science:
- Thomas Kuhn
- Robert Merton
- Edgar Zilsel
- Harold Innis
- Herbert Butterfield
Clocks led to…
mechanical philosophy/world view(Galileo’s cosmos and Newtonian laws of motion)
Edgar Zilsel
wrote :the sociological origins of modern science”
- external approachargument:SR started by craftsmen who became scientists (which is not true)
1. they came up with theories on how machines work - instructions
2. experimentation - trial and error, observation, record keeping, communication
3. actual work/interaction with the devices
wrote :the sociological origins of modern science”
- external approachargument:SR started by craftsmen who became scientists (which is not true)
1. they came up with theories on how machines work - instructions
2. experimentation - trial and error, observation, record keeping, communication
3. actual work/interaction with the devices
Edgar Zilsel
Robert Merton
wrote thesis “puritarianism and the rise of modern science”
- external approach (one of first people)
argument: scientific revoution was not caused by scientific endeavors, but by religion (protestants and puritans) - SR/IR took place ony in protestant countries
Death of Copernicus
1543
Published “De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium” when he died, to avoid church from punishing him
-started scientific revolution, it contradicted the bible/ptolemy, could not be held back due to printing press, large impact.
