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L10 Was Aristotle Wrong Flashcards

1
Q

Thomas Kuhn

A

wrote “The structure of Scientific Revolution”

  • internal approach
    argument: there is no single revolution, there is series of small revolutions called the “paradigm shifts”
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2
Q
  • he was against the church
  • Improved Ptolemy’s system to make it work with Platonic system (perfect circle movements), moved sun to center of system to eliminate epicycles.
A

Nicholas Copernicus

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3
Q

wrote “Empire and Communications”

  • external approach
    argument: SR was due to free access to knowledge/communication
  • made possible by Gutenberg’s Press
  • removal/bypassing of gatekeepers of knowledge (Roman Catholic Church) after 1450, hence work had greater influence/impact.
A

Harold Innis

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4
Q

“Starry Messenger” published by Galileo

A

1610

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5
Q

“Dialogue” published by Galileo

A

1632

  • dialogue between ptolemeic and copernican astronomer
  • pope is ‘idiot’, got in trouble
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6
Q

Impetus

A

1277
Impetus (moving force) imbedded in the object itself and not the mover.
-challenged Aristotelian system: movement of an object ceased when the mover is no longer in contact with it.

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7
Q

Paradigm shifts

A
  1. established science
  2. normal science (puzzle solving process)
  3. novelty/anomaly
  4. crisis in normal established science
  5. emergence of a new paradigm (revolution)
  6. new formal science
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8
Q

1327

  • built first European clock
  • broke connection between man and the natural world
  • replaced natural cosmos/god with a machine
A

Richard of Wallingford

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9
Q
  1. established science
  2. normal science (puzzle solving process)
  3. novelty/anomaly
  4. crisis in normal established science
  5. emergence of a ew paradigm (revolution)
  6. new formal science
A

Paradigm shifts

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10
Q

Almagest published

A

150 AD

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11
Q

1543
Published “De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium” when he died, to avoid church from punishing him
-started scientific revolution, it contradicted the bible/ptolemy, could not be held back due to printing press, large impact.

A

Death of Copernicus

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12
Q
  • Opposed Aristotelian logic and promoted repeatable experimentation
  • published “Starry Messenger”
  • used telescope and saw that sun had spots, planets are not perfect spheres like what Plato said
  • earth moves around the sun, not in center of universe
  • there was no god, or ‘prime mover’
A

Galileo Galilei

  • established model of perfect scientist
  • one who defies authority in search for truth
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13
Q

150 AD

A

Almagest published

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14
Q

1633
If sun is in the middle, then earth is moving at great speed. prove it.
-Galileo uses ocean tides as proof, but was wrong because of Posidonius.

A

Galileo called before the Wholly Inquisition

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15
Q

mechanical philosophy/world view (Galileo’s cosmos and Newtonian laws of motion)

A

Clocks led to…

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16
Q

wrote thesis “puritarianism and the rise of modern science”

  • external approach (one of first people)
    argument: scientific revoution was not caused by scientific endeavors, but by religion (protestants and puritans)
  • SR/IR took place only in protestant countries
A

Robert Merton

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17
Q
  • First to compare universe to a machine (clock)
  • said god is a supreme watchmaker
  • world and universe are perfect machines
A

Nicholas Oresme

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18
Q
  1. Thomas Kuhn
  2. Robert Merton
  3. Edgar Zilsel
  4. Harold Innis
  5. Herbert Butterfield
A

5 theories about origins and nature of the Scientific Revoution/modern science:

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19
Q

1610

A

“Starry Messenger” published by Galileo

20
Q

1632

  • dialogue between ptolemeic and copernican astronomer
  • pope is ‘idiot’, got in trouble
A

“Dialogue” published by Galileo

21
Q

Nicholas Oresme

A

-First to compare universe to a machine (clock)-said god is a supreme watchmaker-world and universe are perfect machines

22
Q

Herbert Butterfield

A

wrote “the origins of modern science”

  • internal approach
    argument: SR took place in sphere of physics (movement of bodies)
  • took place in medieval Europe 1277 (theory of impetus)
  • shift frmo Aristotelian theory of motion to the medieval concept of impetus
23
Q

1277
Impetus (moving force) imbedded in the object itself and not the mover.
-challenged Aristotelian system: movement of an object ceased when the mover is no longer in contact with it.

24
Q

2 major approaches to science

A

Internal - Make discoveries without being affected by social factors (independent inventor/inborn genius)
External - External social factors shape development of science (no inborn genius, no independent idea)

25
Scientific Revolution
1543-1700 ^ death of copernicus 1543 - Period of evolution of natural philosophy into modern science - shift of question from why the universe works to how it works
26
Nicholas Copernicus
- he was against the church - Improved Ptolemy's system to make it work with Platonic system (perfect circle movements), moved sun to center of system to eliminate epicycles.
27
Mechanical philosophy
Galileo/Newton's approach - cosmology
28
1543-1700 ^ death of copernicus 1543 - Period of evolution of natural philosophy into modern science - shift of question from why the universe works to how it works
Scientific Revolution
29
Claudius Ptolemy
- wrote "almagest" 150 AD | - first mathematical model of cosmos based on geocentrism and epicycles
30
wrote "The structure of Scientific Revolution" - internal approach argument: there is no single revolution, there is series of small revolutions called the "paradigm shifts"
Thomas Kuhn
31
Galileo Galilei - established model of perfect scientist - one who defies authority in search for truth
- Opposed Aristotelian logic and promoted repeatable experimentation - published "Starry Messenger" - used telescope and saw that sun had spots, planets are not perfect spheres like what Plato said - earth moves around the sun, not in center of unviverse-there was no god, ot 'prime mover'
32
Galileo called before the Wholly Inquisition
1633 If sun is in the middle, then earth is moving at great speed. prove it. -Galileo uses ocean tides as proof, but was wrong because of Posidonius.
33
1642
Galileo dies in house arrest
34
Harold Innis
wrote "Empire and Communications" - external approach argument: SR was due to free access to knowledge/communication - made possible by Gutenberg's Press-removal/bypassing of gatekeepers of knowledge (Roman Catholic Church) after 1450, hence work had greater influence/impact.
35
Galileo dies in house arrest
1642
36
wrote "the origins of modern science" - internal approach argument: SR took place in sphere of physics (movement of bodies) - took place in medieval Europe 1277 (theory of impetus) - shift frmo Aristotelian theory of motion to the medieval concept of impetus
Herbert Butterfield
37
Internal - Make discoveries without being affected by social factors (independent inventor/inborn genius) External - External social factors shape development of science (no inborn genius, no independent idea)
2 major approaches to science
38
Richard of Wallingford
1327 - built first european clock - broke connection between man and the natural world - replaced natural cosmos/god with a machine
39
Galileo/Newton's approach - cosmology
Mechanical philosophy
40
- wrote "almagest" 150 AD | - first mathematical model of cosmos based on geocentrism and epicycles
Claudius Ptolemy
41
5 theories about origins and nature of the Scientific Revoution/modern science:
1. Thomas Kuhn 2. Robert Merton 3. Edgar Zilsel 4. Harold Innis 5. Herbert Butterfield
42
Clocks led to...
mechanical philosophy/world view(Galileo's cosmos and Newtonian laws of motion)
43
Edgar Zilsel
wrote :the sociological origins of modern science" - external approachargument:SR started by craftsmen who became scientists (which is not true) 1. they came up with theories on how machines work - instructions 2. experimentation - trial and error, observation, record keeping, communication 3. actual work/interaction with the devices
44
wrote :the sociological origins of modern science" - external approachargument:SR started by craftsmen who became scientists (which is not true) 1. they came up with theories on how machines work - instructions 2. experimentation - trial and error, observation, record keeping, communication 3. actual work/interaction with the devices
Edgar Zilsel
45
Robert Merton
wrote thesis "puritarianism and the rise of modern science" - external approach (one of first people) argument: scientific revoution was not caused by scientific endeavors, but by religion (protestants and puritans) - SR/IR took place ony in protestant countries
46
Death of Copernicus
1543 Published “De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium” when he died, to avoid church from punishing him -started scientific revolution, it contradicted the bible/ptolemy, could not be held back due to printing press, large impact.

Hist115 (16 decks)

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