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Y4R3 - Medicine II 🩺 > L1: Introduction to Neurology > Flashcards

L1: Introduction to Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

Def of Neurology

A

The branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the nervous system & diseases of the muscles & myoneural junction.

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2
Q

What is the structural & Functional unit of Nervous System?

A

Neuron

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3
Q

Neurons Grey & White Matters

A
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4
Q

Classifications of Nervous System

A

Anatomical & Physiological

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5
Q

Anatomical Classification of Nervous System

A
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6
Q

Two cerebral hemispheres connected to

  • Each other → …..
  • The brain stem → ……
A
  • by corpus callosum
  • by cerebral peduncles.
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7
Q

The surface of each hemisphere is divided into 4 LOBES ……

A

1) Frontal.
2) Parietal.
3) Temporal.
4) Occipital.

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8
Q

Cerebral Lobes Histology

A
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9
Q

Basal Nuclei

A
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10
Q

What is Brainstem Formed of?

A
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11
Q

What is Brainstem Connected to?

A
  • Cerebral hemispheres → by cerebral beduncles
  • Cerebellum → by cerebellar peduncles.
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12
Q

Site of Cerebellum

A

lies at the BACK & the BOTTOM of the cranium behind the brain stem, in the posterior cranial fossa.

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13
Q

What is Cerebellum formed of?

A

Two cerebellar hemispheres connected to each other by the ‘vermis’

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14
Q

Composition of Cerebellum

A
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15
Q

Connection of Cerebellum

A

Connected to brain stem by superior, middle & inferior cerebellar peduncles.

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16
Q

Site of Spinal Cord

A

It lies in the spinal canal.

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17
Q

End of Spinal Cord

A

It ends at the lower border of the 1st lumbar vertebra (L1).

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18
Q

Segments of Spinal Cord

A
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19
Q

Def of Conus medullaris

A

The lowermost 3 segments of the spinal cord (53, 4, 5).

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20
Q

Def of Epiconus

A

The 4 segments above the conus medullaris (L4, 5, S1, 2).

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21
Q

what does a section in spinal cord show?

A

Grey matter (cells) surrounded by white matter (fibers).

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22
Q

Spinal Cord Grey Matter

A
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23
Q

Spinal Cord white Matter

A
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24
Q

Def of Cauda Equina

A

Collection of Lumbosacral roots

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25
Q

Functional Classification of Nervous System

A
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25
Q

Site of Cauda Equina

A
  • It fills the lower part of the spinal canal.
  • It starts at the lower border of the 1st lumbar vertebra (L1).
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26
Q

Compare Between Cranial Nerves & Spinal Nerves in terms of:

  • Number
  • Origin
  • Exit
  • Supply
  • Course
A
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27
Q

What are cortical senstations?

A

the ability of the cortical sensory area to LOCALIZE the sensations perceived by the thalamus.

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28
Q

Parts of Voluntary Motor System

A
  • Pyramidal System (UMN)
  • Extrapyramidal System
  • Cerebellar System
  • LMN
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29
Q

Origin of Pyramidal System (UMN)

A

the cerebral cortex (motor area “4” & premotor area “6”).

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30
Q

Termination of Pyramidal System (UMN)

A

At the AHCs of the different levels of the spinal cord.

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31
Q

Control by Pyramidal System (UMN)

A

controls the opposite side

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32
Q

Functions of Pyramidal System (UMN)

A
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33
Q

Origin of Extrapyramidal System

A
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34
Q

Termination of Extrapyramidal System

A
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35
Q

Control of Extrapyramidal System

A

It controls the opposite side of the body.

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36
Q

Functions of Extrapyramidal System

A
  • REGULATION et the voluntary motor activity.
  • Regulation of the emotional & associated movements.
  • Inbibition of muscle tone.
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37
Q

Origin of Cerebellar System

A
  • From the cerebellum.
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38
Q

Termination of Cerebellar System

A

At the AHCs of the different levels of the spinal cord.

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39
Q

Control by Cerebellar System

A

It controls the same side of the body.

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40
Q

Functions of Cerebellar System

A
  • Co-ordination the voluntary motor activity initiated by pyramidal system.
  • Maintenance of equilibrium
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41
Q

Origin of LMN

A
  • In the AHCS of the different levels of the spinal cord.
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42
Q

Termination of LMN

A

At the voluntary muscles.

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43
Q

Functions of LMN

A

Transmission of the motor impulse from the AHCS to the voluntary muscles.

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44
Q

Components of LMN

A

AHCS, PN, NMJ & Voluntary muscles.

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45
Q

Read Voluntary Motor pathway & Reflex arc from Notes

A

…

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46
Q

Def of Deep Reflex (Tendon Jerk)

A

This is an INDUCED (Dynamic) local axon stretch reflex.

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47
Q

What is Deep Reflex (Tendon Jerk) Induced by?

A

It is induced by:

  • Sudden stretch of the muscle by tapping the tendon with a hammer.
  • This induced sudden stretch will suddenly & temporarily activate the local axon reflex → this will result in sudden transient contraction of the muscle (jerk).
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48
Q

Components of Deep Reflex

A
49
Q

Types of Deep Reflex

A
  • Normal deep reflex (Tendon Jerk).
  • Pathological deep reflex.
50
Q

Def of Pathological Reflexes

A
  • reflexes which are normally absent → its presence indicates U.M.N.L. (Don’t elicit them in patient with normal or hyporeflexia)
51
Q

Examples of Pathological Reflexes

A

adductor, patellar and finger flexion reflexes

52
Q

Effect of Pyramidal System on Deep Reflexes

A

The deep reflex receives inhibition from the Pyramidal system

53
Q

UMNL & Deep Reflexes

A

UMNL results in loss of inhibition on the deep reflex, leading to:

  • Increased deep reflex (hyperreflexia) below the level of the lesion.
  • Appearance of pathological reflexes.
54
Q

LMNL & Deep Reflexes

A

LMNL results in interruption of the reflex arc, leading to:

  • Decreased deep reflex (hyporeflexia) at the level of the lesion.
55
Q

Def of Muscle Tone

A

This is a SPONTANEOUS (Static) local axon stretch reflex:

56
Q

Why is Muscle Tone spontaneous?

A

It is spontaneous because:

  • The length of any skeletal muscle is shorter than the distance between the origin & the insertion (bone growth is faster than soft tissue growth) → so any muscle is always in a state of persistent spontaneous slight stretch.
  • This spontaneous persistent stretch will persistently activate the local axon reflex → this will result in persistent (maintained) contraction of the muscle (tone).
57
Q

Pyramidal & Extrapyramidal system & Muscle Tone

A

The Muscle tone receives inhibition from the Pyramidal & Extrapyramidal systems

58
Q

UMNL & Muscle Tone

A
59
Q

LMNL & Muscle Tone

A

LMNL results in interruption of the reflex arc, leading to:

  • Decreased muscle tone (flaccidity) at the level of the lesion.
60
Q

Def of Clonus

A
  • Sudden sustained stretch of the muscle tendon
  • Results in: Rapid, Rhythmic, Regular contractions.
61
Q

What does Clonus Indicate?

A

Severe pyramidal lesion due to loss of inhibition on the stretch reflex.

62
Q

Sites of Clonus

A

Ankle, patella, wrist.

63
Q

When does Clonus stop?

A

The stretch is stopped.

64
Q

Def of Superficial Reflex

A
  • Reflex whose afferent is a superficial sensory. → (E.g. Planter reflex & abdominal reflex).
  • Take facilitator fibers from both U.M.N. & L.M.N. so, they are absent in both U.M.N. L. (below the level) & L.M.N.L (at the level)
65
Q

examples of Superficial Reflex

A
  • Plantar Reflex
  • Abdominal Reflex
66
Q

Stimulus in Plantar Reflex

A

Scratching of the skin at the lateral side of the sole.

67
Q

Center of Plantar Reflex

A

S1

68
Q

Types of Responses in Plantar Reflex

A
  • Normal (flexor response): Flexion of toes.
  • Babinski sign (extensor respone)
  • Absent (equivocal) response:
69
Q

Normal reflex for Plantar Reflex

A

Flexion of toes.

70
Q

Babniski sign in Plantar Reflex

A
71
Q

Absent Reflex in Plantar Reflex

A
72
Q

Stimulus in Abdominal Reflex

A

Scratch from lateral to medial.

73
Q

Response in Abdominal Reflex

A

Abdominal muscle contraction.

74
Q

Control of Abdominal Reflex

A

Stimulated by pyramidal tract

75
Q

When is Abdominal Reflex Lost?

A

Pyramidal tract lesion

76
Q

Def of Fasiculations

A

oscillatory movements of the muscles caused by an irritating lesion of the AHCs

77
Q

Compare between UMNL & LMNL

A
78
Q

what are somatic Sensations?

A
79
Q

What are visceral sensations?

A

All sensations from internal viscera reaching the CNS via the Cautonomic nerves”

80
Q

what are special sensations?

A

Including vision, hearing, smell & taste reaching the CNS via the Cranial nerves”

81
Q

Sesnory Pathways

A
82
Q

Areas of frontal Lobe

A
  • Motor Area
  • Premotor area
  • Area of VCEM
  • Broca’s Area
  • Exner’s Area
  • Prefrontal Area
  • Paracentral Area
83
Q

Function of Motor Area (Area 4)

A
84
Q

Effect of Lesion in Motor Area (Area 4)

A
85
Q

Function of Premotor Area (Area 6)

A
86
Q

Lesion of Premotor Area (Area 6)

A
87
Q

Function of Area of Voluntary Conjugate Eye Movement (Area 8)

A
88
Q

Effect of Lesion in Area of Voluntary Conjugate Eye Movement (Area 8)

A
89
Q

Site of Broca’s Area (Area 44)

A
90
Q

Function of Broca’s Area (Area 44)

A
91
Q

Lesion in Broca’s Area (Area 44)

A
92
Q

Site of Exner’s Area (Area 45)

A
93
Q

Function of Exner’s Area (Area 45)

A
94
Q

Lesion in Exner’s Area (Area 45)

A
95
Q

Function of Prefrontal Area

A
96
Q

Lesion in Prefrontal Area

A
97
Q

Function of Paracentral Lobe

A
98
Q

Lesion in Paracentral Lobe

A
99
Q

What are Parietal Lobe Areas?

A
100
Q

Function of Cortical Sensory Area (Area 3,1,2)

A
101
Q

Lesion in Cortical Sensory Area (Area 3,1,2)

A
102
Q

Function of

  • ANGULAR GYRUS (AREA 39) → IN THE DOMIÑANT HEMISPHERE)
  • SUPRA-MARGINAL GYRUS AREA 40) → IN THE DOMINANT HEMISPHERE)
A
103
Q

Lesion in

  • ANGULAR GYRUS (AREA 39) → IN THE DOMIÑANT HEMISPHERE)
  • SUPRA-MARGINAL GYRUS AREA 40) → IN THE DOMINANT HEMISPHERE)
A
104
Q

Areas of Temporal Lobe

A
105
Q

Lesion in Auditory Sensory Area (Area 41,42)

A
106
Q

Function of Auditory Association Area (Area 22)

(Wernicke Area)

A
106
Q

Site of Auditory Association Area (Area 22)

(Wernicke Area)

A
107
Q

Lesion in Auditory Association Area (Area 22)

(Wernicke Area)

A
108
Q

Auditory agnosia

A

the patient hears but does not understand (recognize) what he hears

109
Q

Word deafness

A

Inability to understand spoken words but Speech production, reading and writing are normal

110
Q

Sensory or receptive aphasia

A
  • Inability to understand spoken or written words.
  • The patient’s speech is fluent, but words are used inappropriately leading to neologism
111
Q

Jargon / central / syntactical aphasia

A

Form of severe receptive aphasia with failure to produce correct words leading to neologisms and paragrammatism

112
Q

Function of Limbic System

A
113
Q

Lesion in Limbic System

A
114
Q

Areas of Occipital Lobe

A
115
Q

Function of Visual Sesory area (area 17)

A
116
Q

Lesion in Visual Sesory area (area 17)

A
117
Q

Function of Visual Associative Area (Area 18,19)

A
118
Q

Lesion in Visual Associative Area (Area 18,19)

A

Y4R3 - Medicine II 🩺 (16 decks)

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