L05-Learning and memory

Question 1

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 1

A learned unconditional response resulting from a stimulus that comes before a second stimulus. e.g. pavlovs dogs salivating to metronome because they know food will be second stimulus.

Question 2

How can classical conditioning be reversed?

Answer 2

The primary stimulus known as the condtion stimulus followed by no secondary stimulus repeatedly will reverse the classical conditioning.

Question 3

What affect can classical conditioning have on pain?

Answer 3

It can amplify pain through a condition stimulus making the individual anticipate it.
Postitive placebos can help decrease pain.

Question 4

What is operant (instrumental) conditioning?

Answer 4

It is more sophisticated than classical conditioning and is a behaviour that results in an outcome. This can be taught through positive or negative reinforcement of a behaviour. e.g. birds pecking or spinning, a behaviour resulting in an outcome. Still relies on associations.

Question 5

What is social (observational) learning?

Answer 5

It is the process of learning by watching other people. e.g. the bobo doll

Question 6

Which conditioning is alcohol an example of?

Answer 6

It is an example of classical conditioning where alohol leads to drunkness.

Question 7

What are the three main elements of memory?

Answer 7

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

Question 8

Where does encoding occur in the brain?

Answer 8

In the hippocampus

Question 9

What is the digital limit of short term memory?

Answer 9

7 items +- 2

Question 10

how is short term memory transferred to long term memory?

Answer 10

By repitition

Question 11

How do you lose short term memory versus losing long term memory?

Answer 11

Lose short term memory by displacement whereas lose long term memory by interference and decay.

Question 12

How much do patients remember in consultations?

Answer 12

around 50% or less if old or breaking bad news. Good to write information down

Question 13

What are the to main types of amnesia?

Answer 13

Anterograde - cannot form new memories but can remember long term memories
Retrograde - cannot remember long term memories prior to brain damage

Question 14

What happened to patient HM after both temporal lobes were removed?

Answer 14

Got anterograde amnesia and lost ability to form new memories.

Question 15

Which parts of the brain are associated with which parts of memory?

Answer 15

Inferotemporal lobes are involed with semantic memory (naming and categorisation)
Medial temporal lobes are involved in episodic memory
Basal ganglia and cerebellum are involved in procedural (nondeclarative) memory
Prefrontal cortex is active during working memory tasks