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Cels191 > L-30 > Flashcards

L-30 Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of our cells are human vs microbes?

A

50%

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2
Q

What are microbiota?

A

Individual microbial species in a biome (bacteria, fungi, archaea, viruses0

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3
Q

What are the levels of classification of organism (from least to most specific)

A
  • domain
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
  • strain
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4
Q

How many bacterial phyla are there?

A

92

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5
Q

How many Archael phyla are there?

A

26

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6
Q

What is the aim of the human microbiome project?

A

To characterise microbial communities found at multiple human body sites and to look for correlations between changes in the microbiome and human health

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7
Q

What method of microbial community characterisation did the human microbiome project use?

A

Culture-independant

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8
Q

Where are the areas of interest for the HMP?

A
  • oral
  • skin
  • vaginal
  • gut
  • nasal/lung
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9
Q

What are the 5 goals of the HMP:

A
  1. To develop a reference set of microbial genome sequences and perform preliminary characterisation of the human microbiome
  2. To explore the relationship between disease and changes in the human microbiome
  3. To develop new technologies and tools for computational analysis
  4. To establish a research repository
  5. To study the ethical, legal, and social implications of human microbiome research
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10
Q

What is the genetic diversity of an individuals gut bacteria as opposed to the human genome?

A

50x

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11
Q

What percentage range of the genera, enzyme families and community configurations occupied by healthy Western microbiome has the HMP documented?

A

81-99%

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12
Q

How many species of microbes does the average person have? How many of these are really common between people?

A
  • 160

- 57

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13
Q

What are the 8 functions of the human microbiome:

A
  • preventing pathogens from being successful
  • block colonisation niches
  • competing for nutrients (stops pathogens from getting nutrients)
  • modifying environments to change virulence factor expression
  • making environments actively hostile: producing bacteroicins (antimicrobial) & short chain fatty acids (SCFA)
  • lowering pH (vagina)
  • cause host to thicken mucus layer
  • cause host to upregulate antimicrobial peptides (defensins)
  • primes host neutrophils and macrophages
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14
Q

What are the 4 main types of human gut microflora?

A
  • firmicutes
  • bacteroidetes
  • actinobecteria
  • proteobacteria
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15
Q

What area of the body has the highest density of microbes in the human body

A

The gut

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16
Q

What percentage of the fecal biomass is bacteria?

A

50%

17
Q

What does human gut microflora do?

A

Creates SCFA that modulate our metabolism and effects our defence against pathogens

18
Q

What are the functions of the gut microbiome?

A
  • synthesise vitamins including B and K
  • modulate the immune response
  • alter drug delivery- certain drugs don’t work for some people
19
Q

What are functional foods?

A

foods claimed to have a health-promoting or disease preventing properties beyond the basic function of supplying nutrients

20
Q

What do functional foods contain that normal foods do not?

A

Probiotics

21
Q

What are probiotics? Give two examples

A

live microorganisms

  • lactic acid bacteria
  • bifidobacteria
22
Q

Why can probiotics be redundant for people?

A

The bacteria used are naturally occurring in the stomach so if you eat a healthy diet you don’t usually need more

23
Q

What are the potential benefits of probiotics?

A

Prevention and treatment of pathogen-induced diarrhoea and urogenital infections

24
Q

What is a prebiotic?

A

An ingredient that beneficially nourishes the good bacteria already in the large bowel or colon

25
Q

How do prebiotics work?

A

Made from plant fibres that act as a fertiliser to promot growth of good bacteria already in the gut

26
Q

When are prebiotics beneficial?

A

If you are unhealthy or have a bad diet

27
Q

What is the difference between good bacteria and bad bacteria?

A

The speed of growth and presence of accessory genes

28
Q

What disease can fecal transplants be used to treat?

A

C-diff causing debilitation diarrhoea

29
Q

What is fecal transplant via pill used for?

A

Used to replace a patients gut microbial flora

Cels191 (35 decks)

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