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Cels191 > L-26 > Flashcards

L-26 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps of embryo development?

A
  • begins as a small number of naive totipotent cells
  • cells go through polarisation and compaction
  • the inner, apolar, cells are cut off
  • develops into a blastocyst composed of the trophectoderm and the ICM
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2
Q

What does totipotent mean?

A

To have total potential

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3
Q

What is the trophectoderm?

A

The outside cells of the blastocyst (formerly polar)

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4
Q

What is the ICM?

A

Inside cells of the blastocyst (formally apolar)

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5
Q

What is a terminally differentiated cell?

A

cells that can only give rise to the same type of cell as itself

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6
Q

Are human embryonic stem cells totipotent, multi potent, pluripotent, or terminally differentiated?

A

Pluripotent

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7
Q

What does pluripotent mean?

A

They can develop into any of the 200 or so types of cell in our bodies, given the right conditions

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8
Q

Are induced pluripotent stem cells totipotent, multi potent, pluripotent, or terminally differentiated?

A

Pluripotent

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9
Q

Are Adult stem cells totipotent, multi potent, pluripotent, or terminally differentiated?

A

Multipotent

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10
Q

Are umbilical cord stem cells totipotent, multi potent, pluripotent, or terminally differentiated?

A

Multi potent

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11
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells harvested from?

A

From the inner cell mass (future embryo) off mammalian blastocyst embryos

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12
Q

What is the relationship genetically of the embryonic stem cells to the embryo donor?

A

Genetically identical

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13
Q

How are induced pluripotent stem cells made?

A

Made by reprogramming adult skin cells

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14
Q

What is the relationship of induced pluripotent stem cells to the adult skin cells?

A

Genetically identical

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15
Q

Are adult stem cells differentiated or undifferentiated?

A

Undifferentiated

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16
Q

What can adult stem cells give rise to?

A
  • stem cells

- cells which will do on to differentiate into one or more types of functional tissue cells

17
Q

Why is cord blood banking common practise in some countries?

A

To preserve less restricted and more immature multi potent stem cells that can be used to treat potentially future leukaemias and other blood diseases

18
Q

What are renewal tissues?

A

Blood and skin which need constant renewing

19
Q

What stem cell types are found in the bone marrow and can be used for transplants?

A
  • blood stem cells

- haematopoietic stem cells

20
Q

What is the difference in cell potential between a fertilised egg and embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells

A
  • fertilised egg is totipotent
  • embryonic stem cells are pluripotent
  • adult stem cells are multipotent
21
Q

What is used to persuade stem cells to develop into different kinds of differentiated cells?

A

Different culture conditions

22
Q

How can gene therapy be used to correct single gene disorders?

A

Normal allele can be inserted into the cells of the affected tissue. A virus can deliver genetic material into human cells

23
Q

What is B- thalassemia caused by?

A

A defective HBB gene, which codes for the beta-globin protein which is the part of haeomoglobin found in red blood cells

24
Q

What are the symptoms of B-thalassemia?

A
  • anemia
  • poor oxygen transport
  • blood clots
25
Q

How has gene therapy been used to successfully treat B-thallasemia?

A

Blood stem cells found in bone marrow were extracted and engineered to add a “good” copy of the HBB gene, once the cells are replaced, they pass a new copy onto all newly made red blood cells

26
Q

What can pluripotent stem cells be made from?

A
  • skin or blood cells from a patient (genetically identical)
  • skin or blood cells from a matched donor
  • embryonic stem cells
27
Q

How does regenerative medicine work?

A
  • Stem cells can be encouraged to differentiate into specific cell types such as neurons, or retinal cells
  • these cells can be transplanted int patients
28
Q

What is an example of regenerative medicine?

A

Retinal pigment epithelial cell grafts, to reverse macular degeneration

29
Q

What proportion of people over 50 are affected by macular degeneration?

A

1/7

30
Q

What are the symptoms of macular degeneration?

A
  • blurring, distortion, loss of vision
31
Q

What is the cause of macular degeneration?

A

Damage to retinal pigmented epithelium cells

Cels191 (35 decks)

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