Kuhn's paradigms

Question 1

Modification of theories

Answer 1

Popper said theories can be modified under condition that it’s not less falsifiable. Otherwise ad hoc modifications.

Question 2

Step 1 Pre-science

Answer 2

Starts with unorganised facts and observations, with no clear theory and contradicting statements without method of testing

Question 3

Step 2 Creation of a paradigm

Answer 3

General framework (theory) proposed. A set of common views, and a method to test it. It determines;

1. What is to be observed/scrutinised
2. Which questions should be asked
3. How q’s should be structured
4. How the results should be interpreted.

Question 4

Step 3 Normal science

Answer 4

once researchers share a paradigm. Core is not changed, but extentions can be modified.

Question 5

Step 4 crisis and revolution

Answer 5

Normal science yields results that can’t be explained by paradigm. More incoherence eventually leading to similar to pre science state; crisis. Need for new better explaining conjuncture that includes novel findings. The new theory forms the revolution

Question 6

Step 5 paradigm shift

Answer 6

The old paradigm: degenerative programme is replaced by the new paradigm, the progressive programme

Question 7

Problems with Kuhns paradigm

Answer 7

Never ending parade and all knowledge is temporary

Paradigm shift is not necessarily progressive, the new theory is not inherently better.

Idealism vs realism. Scientist claim they discover physical reality (realism) where Kuhn claimed all they do is try to explain their perceptions (idealism)