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Anatomy > Knee and Ankle > Flashcards

Knee and Ankle Flashcards

1
Q

Osteology of the knee and ankle

A

distal femur
patella
tibia
foot

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2
Q

Landmark of the distal femur

A

femoral condyles

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3
Q

landmarks of the tibia

A

medial and lateral condyles
tibial tuberosity
medial malleolus

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4
Q

landmark of the fibula

A

head

lateral malleolus

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5
Q

landmark of the foot

A 
calcaneous
talus
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges
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6
Q

Joints of the knee

A

knee - femorotibial
tibiofibular
-tibiotalar

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7
Q

Joints of the foot

A

MTP - metarsophalangeal
PIP - proximal interphalangeal
DIP - distal interphalangeal

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8
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

hinge joint: primarily flexion and extension

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9
Q

Articulation of the knee

A

lateral and medial femorotibial

femoropatellar

quadriceps femoris strengthens the joint

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10
Q

How does the knee “lock”?

A

extension and medial rotation of the knee

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11
Q

Function of locking the knee

A

tightens ligaments to reduce energy needed for standing

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12
Q

how is joint stability increased in the knee?

A

flatter surfaces of the femur into contact with tibial plateau

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13
Q

What causes unlocking of the knee?

A

Popliteus muscle which initiates lateral rotation of the femur on the tibia

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14
Q

Extracapsular ligaments of the knee

A

patellar
fibular collateral
tibial collateral

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15
Q

Intracapsular ligaments of the knee

A

anterior cruciate ligament
posterior cruciate ligament
lateral menisci
medial menisci

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16
Q

ACL

A

anterior cruciate ligament

prevent anterior displacement of tibia on femur

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17
Q

PCL

A

prevents posterior displacement of tibia on femur

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18
Q

Lateral and medial menisci

A

increase joint congruency and absorb shock

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19
Q

How are the cruciates named?

A

criss cross; named for where they attach on tibial plateau

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20
Q

Clinical correlates of the knee

A

When the foot is in a fixed position and twisting motion occurs, you can have a compounded knee injury such as a torn ACL, TCL, and medial meniscus.

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21
Q

Anterior drawer sign

A

pull knee forward and grade the amount of translation

ACL tear

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22
Q

posterior drawer sign

A

push knee posteriorly and grade amount of translation

PCL tear

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23
Q

What is Osgood-Schlatter’s Disease?

A

rupture of growth plate at the tibial tuberosity

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24
Q

Osgood-Schlatter’s Disease is common in what population?

A

9-16 yo, especially boys

active

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25
What causes Osgood-Schlatter's Disease?
stress on the patellar tendon
26
Function and location of knee joint bursae
prepatellar and infra patellar allows skin to move easily and permits smooth movement ~12
27
Branches of the genicular anastomosis
popliteal artery and femoral artery branches to the: ``` superior lateral genicular a. inferior lateral genicular a. superior medial genicular a. middle genicular a. inferior medial genicular a. ```
28
what type of joint is the ankle joint?
hinge (mostly flexion and extension); synovial
29
Lateral ligament of the ankle is composed of:
anterior talofibular ligament posterior talofibular ligament calcaneofibular ligament
30
Function of the medial and lateral ligaments
stabilize ankle during inversion and eversion
31
Compartments of the lower leg
Anterior Lateral Superficial posterior Deep poster
32
What are the compartments of the lower limb separated by?
inter muscular septa
33
What is compartment syndrome?
increased pressure within the compartments of the limbs
34
What happens during compartment syndrome?
compression of nerves and blood supply which leads to ischemia
35
How to fix compartment syndrome?
fasciotomy
36
Superficial drainage of the lower limb: medial
great saphenous vein
37
Superficial drainage of the lower limb: posterior
small saphenous vein
38
Superficial drainage of the lower limb: deep
follow arteries in the vascular sheath and usually paired popliteal v. --> femoral vein --> external iliac
39
Where are perforating veins?
between the superior and deep veins they have valves that flow superficial to deep only
40
Musculovenous pump
active pumping of the leg muscles to pump blood back to the heart
41
What happens if there is a problem with the Musculovenous pump?
venous insufficiency and varicose veins
42
four muscles of the posterior thigh
Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Biceps femoris Long head Biceps femoris (short head)
43
Action of the muscles of the posterior thigh
flex knee
44
bones of the leg
tibia and fibula
45
how are the bones of the lower leg connected?
interosseous membrane
46
Function of the anterior compartment of the lower leg
ankle dorsiflexion toe extension foot inversion
47
innervation of the anterior compartment of the lower leg
deep fibular nerve
48
blood supply of the anterior compartment of the lower leg
anterior tibial a.
49
Function of the lateral compartment of the lower leg
foot eversion
50
innervation of the lateral compartment of the lower leg
superficial fibular nerve
51
blood supply of the lateral compartment of the lower leg
fibular a.
52
muscles of the anterior compartment of the lower leg
tibialis anterior extensor digitorum longus extensor hallicus longus
53
muscles of the lateral compartment of the lower leg
fibularis longus | fibularis brevis
54
function of the posterior compartment of the lower leg
ankle plantarflexion | toe flexors
55
muscles of the superficial posterior compartment of lower leg
gastrocnemius soleus - deep to gastric plantaris - superior (triceps surae)
56
muscles of the deep posterior compartment of lower leg
flexor digitorium longus flexor hallicus longus tibialis posterior popliteus
57
innervation of the posterior compartment
tibial n.
58
blood supply of the posterior compartment
posterior tibial a. | fibular a.
59
What is the popliteal fossa?
diamond shaped area that is bounded by: semimembranosus biceps femoris heads of gastrocnemius
60
contents of the popliteal fossa
``` popliteal a. popliteal v. anterior and posterior tibial a. tibial n. common fibular n. lymph nodes ```
61
importance of popliteal fossa
popliteal pulse
62
Retinacula of the foot
synovial sheaths (keeps the nerves and muscles in place) extensor retinacula fibular retinacula flexor retinaculum
63
Tarsal tunnel
Flexor retinaculum "Tom, Dick, and Harry" tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, tibial nerve, flexor hallicus longus
64
Sole of the foot
plantar fascia | plantar aponeurosis
65
compartments of the sole
medial central and lateral
66
Who is at risk for DVT?
post operative patients use compression to aid venous return
67
innervation of the foot
medial and lateral plantar n. deep fibular n.
68
blood supply of the foot
terminal branches of the anterior and posterior tibial a.
69
clinical importance of the foot
dorsal pedis artery | pulse point
70
nerves of the leg
saphenous n. | sciatic n.
71
saphenous nerve
(branch of femoral n.) (L2-L4) – skin of medial leg/foot
72
sciatic nerve
anterior, posterior and lateral leg, foot | splits into: tibial n., common fibular n.
73
What is deep vein thrombosis?
blood clot develops in vein of leg and can travel to the heart/lungs resulting in pulmonary embolism

Anatomy (11 decks)

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