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Anatomy > Knee and Ankle > Flashcards

Knee and Ankle Flashcards

1
Q

Osteology of the knee and ankle

A

distal femur
patella
tibia
foot

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2
Q

Landmark of the distal femur

A

femoral condyles

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3
Q

landmarks of the tibia

A

medial and lateral condyles
tibial tuberosity
medial malleolus

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4
Q

landmark of the fibula

A

head

lateral malleolus

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5
Q

landmark of the foot

A 
calcaneous
talus
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges
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6
Q

Joints of the knee

A

knee - femorotibial
tibiofibular
-tibiotalar

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7
Q

Joints of the foot

A

MTP - metarsophalangeal
PIP - proximal interphalangeal
DIP - distal interphalangeal

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8
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

hinge joint: primarily flexion and extension

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9
Q

Articulation of the knee

A

lateral and medial femorotibial

femoropatellar

quadriceps femoris strengthens the joint

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10
Q

How does the knee “lock”?

A

extension and medial rotation of the knee

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11
Q

Function of locking the knee

A

tightens ligaments to reduce energy needed for standing

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12
Q

how is joint stability increased in the knee?

A

flatter surfaces of the femur into contact with tibial plateau

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13
Q

What causes unlocking of the knee?

A

Popliteus muscle which initiates lateral rotation of the femur on the tibia

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14
Q

Extracapsular ligaments of the knee

A

patellar
fibular collateral
tibial collateral

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15
Q

Intracapsular ligaments of the knee

A

anterior cruciate ligament
posterior cruciate ligament
lateral menisci
medial menisci

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16
Q

ACL

A

anterior cruciate ligament

prevent anterior displacement of tibia on femur

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17
Q

PCL

A

prevents posterior displacement of tibia on femur

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18
Q

Lateral and medial menisci

A

increase joint congruency and absorb shock

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19
Q

How are the cruciates named?

A

criss cross; named for where they attach on tibial plateau

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20
Q

Clinical correlates of the knee

A

When the foot is in a fixed position and twisting motion occurs, you can have a compounded knee injury such as a torn ACL, TCL, and medial meniscus.

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21
Q

Anterior drawer sign

A

pull knee forward and grade the amount of translation

ACL tear

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22
Q

posterior drawer sign

A

push knee posteriorly and grade amount of translation

PCL tear

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23
Q

What is Osgood-Schlatter’s Disease?

A

rupture of growth plate at the tibial tuberosity

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24
Q

Osgood-Schlatter’s Disease is common in what population?

A

9-16 yo, especially boys

active

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25
Q

What causes Osgood-Schlatter’s Disease?

A

stress on the patellar tendon

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26
Q

Function and location of knee joint bursae

A

prepatellar and infra patellar

allows skin to move easily and permits smooth movement

~12

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27
Q

Branches of the genicular anastomosis

A

popliteal artery and femoral artery branches to the:

superior lateral genicular a.
inferior lateral genicular  a. 
superior medial genicular a. 
middle genicular a.
inferior medial genicular a.
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28
Q

what type of joint is the ankle joint?

A

hinge (mostly flexion and extension); synovial

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29
Q

Lateral ligament of the ankle is composed of:

A

anterior talofibular ligament
posterior talofibular ligament
calcaneofibular ligament

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30
Q

Function of the medial and lateral ligaments

A

stabilize ankle during inversion and eversion

31
Q

Compartments of the lower leg

A

Anterior
Lateral
Superficial posterior
Deep poster

32
Q

What are the compartments of the lower limb separated by?

A

inter muscular septa

33
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

increased pressure within the compartments of the limbs

34
Q

What happens during compartment syndrome?

A

compression of nerves and blood supply which leads to ischemia

35
Q

How to fix compartment syndrome?

A

fasciotomy

36
Q

Superficial drainage of the lower limb: medial

A

great saphenous vein

37
Q

Superficial drainage of the lower limb: posterior

A

small saphenous vein

38
Q

Superficial drainage of the lower limb: deep

A

follow arteries in the vascular sheath and usually paired

popliteal v. –> femoral vein –> external iliac

39
Q

Where are perforating veins?

A

between the superior and deep veins

they have valves that flow superficial to deep only

40
Q

Musculovenous pump

A

active pumping of the leg muscles to pump blood back to the heart

41
Q

What happens if there is a problem with the Musculovenous pump?

A

venous insufficiency and varicose veins

42
Q

four muscles of the posterior thigh

A

Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris Long head

Biceps femoris (short head)

43
Q

Action of the muscles of the posterior thigh

A

flex knee

44
Q

bones of the leg

A

tibia and fibula

45
Q

how are the bones of the lower leg connected?

A

interosseous membrane

46
Q

Function of the anterior compartment of the lower leg

A

ankle dorsiflexion
toe extension
foot inversion

47
Q

innervation of the anterior compartment of the lower leg

A

deep fibular nerve

48
Q

blood supply of the anterior compartment of the lower leg

A

anterior tibial a.

49
Q

Function of the lateral compartment of the lower leg

A

foot eversion

50
Q

innervation of the lateral compartment of the lower leg

A

superficial fibular nerve

51
Q

blood supply of the lateral compartment of the lower leg

A

fibular a.

52
Q

muscles of the anterior compartment of the lower leg

A

tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallicus longus

53
Q

muscles of the lateral compartment of the lower leg

A

fibularis longus

fibularis brevis

54
Q

function of the posterior compartment of the lower leg

A

ankle plantarflexion

toe flexors

55
Q

muscles of the superficial posterior compartment of lower leg

A

gastrocnemius
soleus - deep to gastric
plantaris - superior

(triceps surae)

56
Q

muscles of the deep posterior compartment of lower leg

A

flexor digitorium longus
flexor hallicus longus
tibialis posterior
popliteus

57
Q

innervation of the posterior compartment

A

tibial n.

58
Q

blood supply of the posterior compartment

A

posterior tibial a.

fibular a.

59
Q

What is the popliteal fossa?

A

diamond shaped area that is bounded by:

semimembranosus
biceps femoris
heads of gastrocnemius

60
Q

contents of the popliteal fossa

A 
popliteal a.
popliteal v.
anterior and posterior tibial a.
tibial n.
common fibular n.
lymph nodes
61
Q

importance of popliteal fossa

A

popliteal pulse

62
Q

Retinacula of the foot

A

synovial sheaths
(keeps the nerves and muscles in place)

extensor retinacula
fibular retinacula
flexor retinaculum

63
Q

Tarsal tunnel

A

Flexor retinaculum
“Tom, Dick, and Harry”

tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, tibial nerve, flexor hallicus longus

64
Q

Sole of the foot

A

plantar fascia

plantar aponeurosis

65
Q

compartments of the sole

A

medial central and lateral

66
Q

Who is at risk for DVT?

A

post operative patients

use compression to aid venous return

67
Q

innervation of the foot

A

medial and lateral plantar n.

deep fibular n.

68
Q

blood supply of the foot

A

terminal branches of the anterior and posterior tibial a.

69
Q

clinical importance of the foot

A

dorsal pedis artery

pulse point

70
Q

nerves of the leg

A

saphenous n.

sciatic n.

71
Q

saphenous nerve

A

(branch of femoral n.) (L2-L4) – skin of medial leg/foot

72
Q

sciatic nerve

A

anterior, posterior and lateral leg, foot

splits into: tibial n., common fibular n.

73
Q

What is deep vein thrombosis?

A

blood clot develops in vein of leg and can travel to the heart/lungs resulting in pulmonary embolism

Anatomy (11 decks)

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