Gait

Question 1

Bipedal locomotion

Answer 1

Alternating stance and swing phase

Question 2

Gait

Answer 2

total body movement that is a combination of phases of both legs

Question 3

What are the phases of gait?

Answer 3

stance phase

swing phase

Question 4

Stance phase

Answer 4

From heel strike to push off of one foot

double leg support, single support, and double support with 60% on single leg support

HS, FF, MS, HO, TO

Question 5

Swing phase

Answer 5

From toe off to touchdown of same foot

Initial and mid swing
Terminal swing

Question 6

What are the periods of gait?

Answer 6

Two periods of double support (20% of gait cycle)

Two periods of single support (80% of gait cycle)

Question 7

Inverted pendulum

Answer 7

Single foot on ground for 60% of gait cycle

Exchange of potential and kinetic energy

Takes advantage of momentum

Question 8

Determinants of gait

Answer 8

Minimize shifts in center of mass —> decrease cost of walking

Question 9

What is the center of mass shift?

Answer 9

sinusoidal

Question 10

When are hip abductors important?

Answer 10

Stance phase
Loading response (flat foot)
Midstance
Terminal stance (heel off)

Question 11

Pelvic tilt

Answer 11

hip adductors prevent hip drop

Question 12

Knee flexion

Answer 12

decreases vault distance

Question 13

Pelvic rotation

Answer 13

increases stride length and limits COM shift

Question 14

Valgus knee

Answer 14

base of support under COM

Question 15

The knee is naturally in

Answer 15

valgus or “knocked knee”

Question 16

COM

Answer 16

center of mass

Question 17

What happens during pelvic tilt?

Answer 17

Gluteus medius and minimus:
Contract during single support to maintain pelvis level
Superior gluteal n.
Positive Trendelenburg sign

Question 18

What happens during knee flexion?

Answer 18

Knee is flexed in stance phase, decreasing vertical displacement in COM

Question 19

What is the importance of the Q angle? What does it tell us?

Answer 19

Stresses within the patellarfemoral joint

How big is the angle coming into the knee?

Question 20

What are the anti-gravity muscles?

Answer 20

erector spinal muscles
plantar flexor muscles
iliopsoas muscles
Gluteal muscles

Question 21

Where should the center of mass be?

Answer 21

Between the center of the feet

Question 22

Foot drop

Answer 22

injury to common fibular nerve which leads to loss of dorsiflexion

Question 23

Someone with foot drop would have the following trouble

Answer 23

Falling up the stairs

Question 24

What is the function of the arch of the foot?

Answer 24

Aids in propulsion and acts as a springboard

Question 25

Explain the arch of the foot

Answer 25

Longitudinal: Medial (higher) and lateral parts act as a unit

Question 26

What is the arch maintained by?

Answer 26

Maintained by passive (shape of bones, ligaments, fibrous tissue) and dynamic (muscle contraction) forces

Question 27

Common arch types

Answer 27

Normal High Arch Flat feet (more common)

Question 28

Pes planus (flat feet)

Answer 28

Fallen arches Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament fails to support head of talus ! displaces inferiorly

Question 29

Pes planus (flat feet) is likely due to

Answer 29

tibialis posterior dysfunction

Question 30

Hallux valgus

Answer 30

lateral deviation of hallux towards 2nd digit Causes bunion (distal end of the joint away from midline)

Question 31

Motor function in lower limbs can be affected by:

Answer 31

Peripheral neuropathy = nerve impairment | Lumbar foot nerve root lesions (related to disc disorders)

Question 32

What causes peripheral neuropathy?

Answer 32

injury, infection/disease, autoimmune disorders, repetitive stress, diabetes mellitus, etc

Question 33

Symptoms of lower limb lesion

Answer 33

paresthesia (numbness/tingling/pin-pricks), muscle wasting or weakness, paralysis

Question 34

How to test muscle?

Answer 34

Strength: isolation testing against gravity/resistance Function Tone Muscularity: how developed? Atrophy (muscle wasting)? Hypertrophy? Muscle wasting can result from decreased innervation Test sensory function of dermatomes

Question 35

What is the most common gait?

Answer 35

Antalgic - pain

Question 36

Hemiplegic gait

Answer 36

half paralysis "spastic" stroke brain injury

Question 37

Diplegic gait

Answer 37

cerebral palsy global neurological disorder increased tone in both legs - usually lower extremity

Question 38

Neuropathic gait

Answer 38

foot drop lead poisoning, demyelination of the nerve, nerve compression no dorsiflexion - stomping "reports of dropping spoons, forks, plates, coffee cup)

Question 39

Myopathic gait

Answer 39

glut medius injury/compression to superior gluteal nerve (injury to piriformis) can mimic sciatic nerve positive Trandelenburg sign

Question 40

Choreiform gait

Answer 40

Huntington's Disease (caudate nucleus - basal ganglia) hemiballistic movement neurodegenerative diseases

Question 41

Ataxic gait

Answer 41

Cerebellum - coordination of movement (most common) CNS issue Wide spaced gaits, unbalanced Alcohol inhibits the cerebellum Tremor occurs with movement (intention tremor)

Question 42

Parkinsonian gait

Answer 42

Parkinson's disease (degeneration in the substantia nigra) Tremor is at rest Shuffling gait - rigidity in the muscles because of increased tone lead pipe rigidity (no movement), pill rolling tremor, cog wheel rigidity (movement)

Question 43

Sensory gait

Answer 43

stomping gait

Question 44

Malingering gait

Answer 44

fake gait