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Anatomy > Gait > Flashcards

Gait Flashcards

1
Q

Bipedal locomotion

A

Alternating stance and swing phase

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2
Q

Gait

A

total body movement that is a combination of phases of both legs

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3
Q

What are the phases of gait?

A

stance phase

swing phase

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4
Q

Stance phase

A

From heel strike to push off of one foot

double leg support, single support, and double support with 60% on single leg support

HS, FF, MS, HO, TO

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5
Q

Swing phase

A

From toe off to touchdown of same foot

Initial and mid swing
Terminal swing

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6
Q

What are the periods of gait?

A

Two periods of double support (20% of gait cycle)

Two periods of single support (80% of gait cycle)

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7
Q

Inverted pendulum

A

Single foot on ground for 60% of gait cycle

Exchange of potential and kinetic energy

Takes advantage of momentum

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8
Q

Determinants of gait

A

Minimize shifts in center of mass —> decrease cost of walking

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9
Q

What is the center of mass shift?

A

sinusoidal

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10
Q

When are hip abductors important?

A

Stance phase
Loading response (flat foot)
Midstance
Terminal stance (heel off)

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11
Q

Pelvic tilt

A

hip adductors prevent hip drop

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12
Q

Knee flexion

A

decreases vault distance

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13
Q

Pelvic rotation

A

increases stride length and limits COM shift

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14
Q

Valgus knee

A

base of support under COM

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15
Q

The knee is naturally in

A

valgus or “knocked knee”

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16
Q

COM

A

center of mass

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17
Q

What happens during pelvic tilt?

A

Gluteus medius and minimus:
Contract during single support to maintain pelvis level
Superior gluteal n.
Positive Trendelenburg sign

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18
Q

What happens during knee flexion?

A

Knee is flexed in stance phase, decreasing vertical displacement in COM

19
Q

What is the importance of the Q angle? What does it tell us?

A

Stresses within the patellarfemoral joint

How big is the angle coming into the knee?

20
Q

What are the anti-gravity muscles?

A

erector spinal muscles
plantar flexor muscles
iliopsoas muscles
Gluteal muscles

21
Q

Where should the center of mass be?

A

Between the center of the feet

22
Q

Foot drop

A

injury to common fibular nerve which leads to loss of dorsiflexion

23
Q

Someone with foot drop would have the following trouble

A

Falling up the stairs

24
Q

What is the function of the arch of the foot?

A

Aids in propulsion and acts as a springboard

25
Q

Explain the arch of the foot

A

Longitudinal: Medial (higher) and lateral parts act as a unit

26
Q

What is the arch maintained by?

A

Maintained by passive (shape of bones, ligaments, fibrous tissue) and dynamic (muscle contraction) forces

27
Q

Common arch types

A

Normal
High Arch
Flat feet (more common)

28
Q

Pes planus (flat feet)

A

Fallen arches

Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament fails to support head of talus ! displaces inferiorly

29
Q

Pes planus (flat feet) is likely due to

A

tibialis posterior dysfunction

30
Q

Hallux valgus

A

lateral deviation of hallux towards 2nd digit
Causes bunion

(distal end of the joint away from midline)

31
Q

Motor function in lower limbs can be affected by:

A

Peripheral neuropathy = nerve impairment

Lumbar foot nerve root lesions (related to disc disorders)

32
Q

What causes peripheral neuropathy?

A

injury, infection/disease, autoimmune disorders, repetitive stress, diabetes mellitus, etc

33
Q

Symptoms of lower limb lesion

A

paresthesia (numbness/tingling/pin-pricks), muscle wasting or weakness, paralysis

34
Q

How to test muscle?

A

Strength: isolation testing against gravity/resistance Function
Tone
Muscularity: how developed? Atrophy (muscle wasting)? Hypertrophy? Muscle wasting can result from decreased innervation
Test sensory function of dermatomes

35
Q

What is the most common gait?

A

Antalgic - pain

36
Q

Hemiplegic gait

A

half paralysis “spastic”
stroke
brain injury

37
Q

Diplegic gait

A

cerebral palsy
global neurological disorder
increased tone in both legs - usually lower extremity

38
Q

Neuropathic gait

A

foot drop

lead poisoning, demyelination of the nerve, nerve compression

no dorsiflexion - stomping

“reports of dropping spoons, forks, plates, coffee cup)

39
Q

Myopathic gait

A

glut medius
injury/compression to superior gluteal nerve (injury to piriformis)
can mimic sciatic nerve
positive Trandelenburg sign

40
Q

Choreiform gait

A

Huntington’s Disease (caudate nucleus - basal ganglia)
hemiballistic movement
neurodegenerative diseases

41
Q

Ataxic gait

A

Cerebellum - coordination of movement (most common)
CNS issue
Wide spaced gaits, unbalanced
Alcohol inhibits the cerebellum
Tremor occurs with movement (intention tremor)

42
Q

Parkinsonian gait

A

Parkinson’s disease (degeneration in the substantia nigra)
Tremor is at rest
Shuffling gait - rigidity in the muscles because of increased tone
lead pipe rigidity (no movement), pill rolling tremor, cog wheel rigidity (movement)

43
Q

Sensory gait

A

stomping gait

44
Q

Malingering gait

A

fake gait

Anatomy (11 decks)

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