Back and Spine

Question 1

Number of vertebrae

Answer 1

33 vertebrae

Question 2

Curvatures of the vertebral column

Answer 2

Anterior and posterior

Question 3

What are the curvatures of the vertebral column

Answer 3

Cervical: lordosis
Thoracic: kyphosis
Lumbar: lordosis
Sacral: kyphosis

Question 4

When does primary curvature develop?

Answer 4

During fetal period

concave anteriorly

Question 5

When does secondary curvature develop?

Answer 5

Develops later due to posture

Question 6

What are the abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column?

Answer 6

excessive kyphosis
excessive lordosis
scoliosis

Question 7

Scolosis is in what plane?

Answer 7

lateral plane; lateral deviation

Question 8

What are the features of typical vertebrae?

Answer 8

Body
Arch
Processes (7)

Question 9

Body of vertebrae

Answer 9

gives strength
transmits body weight
size increases from cervical to lumbar

Question 10

Arch of vertebrae

Answer 10

two pedicles
two laminae

where muscles attach

Question 11

Transverse and spinous processes

Answer 11

Articulate with each other

connected via lamina

Question 12

What are the processes of the vertebrae?

Answer 12

1 spinous
2 transverse
4 articular (2 superior and 2 inferior)

Question 13

Pedicles

Answer 13

forms arch between body and spinal processes; protects and supports back muscles

Question 14

Lamina

Answer 14

connection between transverse process

Question 15

Vertebral foramen

Answer 15

spinal cord goes through this hole

Question 16

Spinous process function

Answer 16

muscle attachment and movement

Question 17

Articular process function

Answer 17

restriction of movement

Question 18

Vertebral arch function

Answer 18

protection of spinal cord

Question 19

Vertebral body function

Answer 19

support of body weight

Question 20

Vertebral canal

Answer 20

nerve roots continue through here

Question 21

Intervertebral foramen

Answer 21

Each spinal nerve exits through intervertebral foramen

Question 22

Clinical correlate: Intervertebral foramen

Answer 22

bone spurs can compress spinal nerves and have nerve pain

Question 23

How many cervical vertebrae and spinal nerves are present?

Answer 23

7 cervical vertebrae and 8 spinal nerves

Question 24

C1-C7

Answer 24

exit IV foramen superior to corresponding vertebra

Question 25

C8

Answer 25

exit IV foramen inferior to corresponding vertebra

Question 26

Importance of C1

Answer 26

only motor; no sensory

Question 27

C1 and C2

Answer 27

Atlas and Axis C1 articulates with occipital condyles on skull (atlanta-occipical joint) C1/C2 joint: atlantoaxial joint

Question 28

C1 (atlas)

Answer 28

no body; no spinous process "yes" movement vertebral artery distinctive feature: holes on side

Question 29

C2 (axis)

Answer 29

dens projects superiorly = pivot around which atlas rotates | "no" movement

Question 30

Regional differences in vertebrae

Answer 30

Cervical vertebrae have a foramen in transverse process for vertebral artery Thoracic vertebrae have costal facts for articulation with ribs Lumbar vertebrae have very large bodies, short spinous processes

Question 31

Movements of the vertebral column

Answer 31

Lateral flexion/extension Rotation of the head and neck/upper trunk Extension and flexion

Question 32

Intervertebral joint

Answer 32

between vertebral bodies | symphysis; joint has a disc that allows free movement and absorbs shock

Question 33

components of intervertebral joint

Answer 33

annulus fibrosus - outer fibrous concentric rings Nucleus pulposus -gelatinous central mass

Question 34

Zygapophyseal joints

Answer 34

between articular processes | permits gliding between articular processes

Question 35

Dorsal scapular nerve

Answer 35

C4/C5

Question 36

Transverse cervical artery

Answer 36

superficial branch | deep branch

Question 37

Erector spinae muscles

Answer 37

lateral to medial Iliocostalis Longissimus Spinalis

Question 38

Thoracolumbar fascia

Answer 38

sit on top of erector spinae muscles

Question 39

Function of erector spinae muscles

Answer 39

Extend the spine | common origin: iliac crees, sacrum via thoracolumbar fascia

Question 40

Iliocostalis

Answer 40

ribs; transverse process

Question 41

Longissimus

Answer 41

ribs, transverse process, mastoid process

Question 42

Spinalis

Answer 42

inserts into spinous processs

Question 43

Action of the erector spinae group

Answer 43

Bilaterally - spine extension | Unilaterally - lateral flexion of the spine

Question 44

Clinical correlate: herniated disc

Answer 44

Most often L4/L5 or L5/S1 Think about orientation of the pelvis Major prob: Herniation of nucleus pulpous; compression of nerve roots

Question 45

Innervation of erector spinae group

Answer 45

Dorsal rami of spinal nerve

Question 46

Spinal stenosis

Answer 46

narrowing of the foramen within the vertebral body congenital or acquired stenosis osteophytes

Question 47

Laminectomy

Answer 47

Removal of spinous process to free up the canal area

Question 48

Radiculopathy

Answer 48

pinched nerve, refers to a set of conditions in which one or more nerves are affected and do not work properly (a neuropathy). This can result in pain (radicular pain), weakness, numbness, or difficulty controlling specific muscles

Question 49

Clincal correlates: Spina Bifida

Answer 49

congenital defect in spinal column Spina bifida occulta Spina bifida cystica

Question 50

Spina bifida occulta

Answer 50

laminae of L5 and/or S1 don't fuse covered by skin but location indicated by hair tuft or birthmark, 10=20%

Question 51

Spina bifida cystica

Answer 51

>1 vertebral arches don't develop at all --> herniation of meninges (meningocele) or spinal cord (meningormyelocele)