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Anatomy > Back and Spine > Flashcards

Back and Spine Flashcards

1
Q

Number of vertebrae

A

33 vertebrae

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2
Q

Curvatures of the vertebral column

A

Anterior and posterior

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3
Q

What are the curvatures of the vertebral column

A

Cervical: lordosis
Thoracic: kyphosis
Lumbar: lordosis
Sacral: kyphosis

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4
Q

When does primary curvature develop?

A

During fetal period

concave anteriorly

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5
Q

When does secondary curvature develop?

A

Develops later due to posture

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6
Q

What are the abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column?

A

excessive kyphosis
excessive lordosis
scoliosis

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7
Q

Scolosis is in what plane?

A

lateral plane; lateral deviation

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8
Q

What are the features of typical vertebrae?

A

Body
Arch
Processes (7)

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9
Q

Body of vertebrae

A

gives strength
transmits body weight
size increases from cervical to lumbar

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10
Q

Arch of vertebrae

A

two pedicles
two laminae

where muscles attach

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11
Q

Transverse and spinous processes

A

Articulate with each other

connected via lamina

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12
Q

What are the processes of the vertebrae?

A

1 spinous
2 transverse
4 articular (2 superior and 2 inferior)

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13
Q

Pedicles

A

forms arch between body and spinal processes; protects and supports back muscles

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14
Q

Lamina

A

connection between transverse process

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15
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

spinal cord goes through this hole

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16
Q

Spinous process function

A

muscle attachment and movement

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17
Q

Articular process function

A

restriction of movement

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18
Q

Vertebral arch function

A

protection of spinal cord

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19
Q

Vertebral body function

A

support of body weight

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20
Q

Vertebral canal

A

nerve roots continue through here

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21
Q

Intervertebral foramen

A

Each spinal nerve exits through intervertebral foramen

22
Q

Clinical correlate: Intervertebral foramen

A

bone spurs can compress spinal nerves and have nerve pain

23
Q

How many cervical vertebrae and spinal nerves are present?

A

7 cervical vertebrae and 8 spinal nerves

24
Q

C1-C7

A

exit IV foramen superior to corresponding vertebra

25
Q

C8

A

exit IV foramen inferior to corresponding vertebra

26
Q

Importance of C1

A

only motor; no sensory

27
Q

C1 and C2

A

Atlas and Axis
C1 articulates with occipital condyles on skull (atlanta-occipical joint)

C1/C2 joint: atlantoaxial joint

28
Q

C1 (atlas)

A

no body; no spinous process
“yes” movement

vertebral artery

distinctive feature: holes on side

29
Q

C2 (axis)

A

dens projects superiorly = pivot around which atlas rotates

“no” movement

30
Q

Regional differences in vertebrae

A

Cervical vertebrae have a foramen in transverse process for vertebral artery

Thoracic vertebrae have costal facts for articulation with ribs

Lumbar vertebrae have very large bodies, short spinous processes

31
Q

Movements of the vertebral column

A

Lateral flexion/extension
Rotation of the head and neck/upper trunk
Extension and flexion

32
Q

Intervertebral joint

A

between vertebral bodies

symphysis; joint has a disc that allows free movement and absorbs shock

33
Q

components of intervertebral joint

A

annulus fibrosus - outer fibrous concentric rings

Nucleus pulposus -gelatinous central mass

34
Q

Zygapophyseal joints

A

between articular processes

permits gliding between articular processes

35
Q

Dorsal scapular nerve

A

C4/C5

36
Q

Transverse cervical artery

A

superficial branch

deep branch

37
Q

Erector spinae muscles

A

lateral to medial
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis

38
Q

Thoracolumbar fascia

A

sit on top of erector spinae muscles

39
Q

Function of erector spinae muscles

A

Extend the spine

common origin: iliac crees, sacrum via thoracolumbar fascia

40
Q

Iliocostalis

A

ribs; transverse process

41
Q

Longissimus

A

ribs, transverse process, mastoid process

42
Q

Spinalis

A

inserts into spinous processs

43
Q

Action of the erector spinae group

A

Bilaterally - spine extension

Unilaterally - lateral flexion of the spine

44
Q

Clinical correlate: herniated disc

A

Most often L4/L5 or L5/S1
Think about orientation of the pelvis

Major prob: Herniation of nucleus pulpous; compression of nerve roots

45
Q

Innervation of erector spinae group

A

Dorsal rami of spinal nerve

46
Q

Spinal stenosis

A

narrowing of the foramen within the vertebral body

congenital or acquired stenosis

osteophytes

47
Q

Laminectomy

A

Removal of spinous process to free up the canal area

48
Q

Radiculopathy

A

pinched nerve, refers to a set of conditions in which one or more nerves are affected and do not work properly (a neuropathy). This can result in pain (radicular pain), weakness, numbness, or difficulty controlling specific muscles

49
Q

Clincal correlates: Spina Bifida

A

congenital defect in spinal column

Spina bifida occulta
Spina bifida cystica

50
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

laminae of L5 and/or S1 don’t fuse

covered by skin but location indicated by hair tuft or birthmark, 10=20%

51
Q

Spina bifida cystica

A

> 1 vertebral arches don’t develop at all –> herniation of meninges (meningocele) or spinal cord (meningormyelocele)

Anatomy (11 decks)

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