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Orthopedic Diagnosis > Knee > Flashcards

Knee Flashcards

1
Q

how many articulating surfaces are in the knee?

A

three

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2
Q

how many joints in the knee and their names?

A

Two. Patellofemoral and tibiofemoral

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3
Q

what are the 2 types of swelling in the knee?

A
  1. localized - bursal

2. generalized - intra-articular (synovitis)

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4
Q

Varus aka? (in the knee)

A

bowlegged

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5
Q

Valgus aka for knees

A

knock knees

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6
Q

Hyperextension in the knees is known as?

A

genu recurvatum

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7
Q

genu recurvatum is higher among men or women?

A

women

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8
Q

what makes up the tibiofemoral joint?

A

distal end of femur + proximal end of tibia

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9
Q

the two femoral condyles are separated by?

A

an intercondylar eminence

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10
Q

What serve as the attachment sites for ACL and PCL?

A

anterior and posterior intercondylar areas

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11
Q

the knee joint is a ______ or modified ____ joint.

A

ginglymoid. hinge.

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12
Q

where does the stability in the knee come from?

A

static restraints (so non-bony anything!)

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13
Q

static restraints of the knee? (3)

A
  1. joint capsule
  2. ligaments
  3. menisci
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14
Q

dynamic restraints of the knee? (3)

A
  1. quadriceps
  2. hamstrings
  3. gastrocnemius
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15
Q

the femoral condyles project _____ from the femoral shaft.

A

posteriorly

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16
Q

the smaller _____ femoral condyle is ____ shaped and faces ____

A

lateral. ball. outward.

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17
Q

the medial femoral condyle is _____ shaped and faces _____.

A

elliptical shaped. inward.

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18
Q

Lateral epicondyle is the origin for the lateral head of the _____ and ______

A

gastrocnemius and LCL

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19
Q

Medial condyle is the insertion site for the ___ ____ and the _____

A

adductor magnus and MCL.

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20
Q

the _____-_____ width of the medial condyle is greater than its lateral by about ____ cm

A

anterior-posterior. 1.7 cm

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21
Q

the length of the articular surface of the medial femoral condyle is _____ than the length of the _____

A

longer. lateral

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22
Q

proximal tibia is composed of ___ plateaus and separated by the _______ _____.

A
  1. intercondylar eminence.
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23
Q

the tibial plateaus are ___ in a medial-lateral direction.

A

concave

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24
Q

in the anterior-posterior direction, the medial tibial plateau is also _____, while the _____ is _____.

A

concave. lateral. convex.

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25
Q

the medial plateau has ____ % greater surface area than the _____ plateau.

A
  1. lateral
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26
Q

which plateau has an articular surface 3 times thicker than the other?

A

medial

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27
Q

attachment site for medial meniscus

A

medial plateau

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28
Q

the posterior surface of the patellofemoral joint can have up to ____ facets. ____ on the medial and lateral suffaces.

A
  1. 3.
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29
Q

the patella is fixed in the ____ groove in _____ and mobile in _____.

A

trochlear. flexion. extension.

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30
Q

The patella decreases the amount of ____ - _____ tibiofemoral shear stress placed on the knee joint.

A

anterior-posterior

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31
Q

To make the “Q” angle of the knee. where are the two lines drawn from?

A
  1. ASIS to center of patella

2. center of patella to the tibial tubercle

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32
Q

the most common ranges for Q angle are ___ - ____ for males and ____ - ____ for females.

A

8-14, 15-17.

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33
Q

angles above ___ degrees are considered abnormal.

A

20

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34
Q

Increased “Q” angle aka?

A

French Bayonet

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35
Q

With the knee flexed at 30 degrees, there is failure of the ____ to derotate normally and failure of the ____ tendon to line up with the ___ ___ of the tibia.

A

tibia
patellar
anterior crest

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36
Q

The amount of contact between the patella and femur varies according to a number of factors. (4)

A
  1. the angle of knee flexion
  2. the location of contact
  3. the surface area of contact
  4. the patellofemoral joint reaction force.
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37
Q

during normal knee motions. the patella glides ____ and ____ during flexion. It covers a distance of ____.

A

inferiorly and superiorly . 5-7 cm.

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38
Q

Low patella = ?

A

patella baja **

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39
Q

High patella = ?

A

patella alta **

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40
Q

a _____ membrane lines the ____ portion of the knee joint capsule.

A

synovial. inner

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41
Q

the synovial membrane excludes the ______ ligaments from the interior portion of the knee.

A

cruciate.

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42
Q

cruciate ligaments are _______ yet _______.

A

extrasynovial.

intra-articular **

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43
Q

the proximal tibiofibular joint is an almost plane joint with a slight ______ on the oval tibial facet and slight ______ of the fibular head.

A

convexity.

concavity.

44
Q

which end of the tibia has more motion?

A

the proximal head.

45
Q

partial disruption at the patellar ligament-tuberosity attachment creating localized inflammatory changes. = ?

A

osgood-schlatter’s syndrome.

46
Q

osgood-schlatter’s syndrome is common in ______ usually during a “______”

A

preadolescent.

growth-spurt

47
Q

predisposing factors for osgood-schlatters syndrome? (3)

A
  1. tight hamstring
  2. tight achilles tendon
  3. tight quadriceps muscles.
48
Q

Osgood-schlatter is more common in ____. Ages ___ - ____. Pain, swelling and tenderness over the ___ ____.

A

men.
10-15
tibial tubercle.

49
Q

Osgood-schlatter syndrome has pain on _____ or _____ stairs. Usually have a history of _____ injury or ______ ______ - _____ movement.

A

ascending or descending.
single violent injury.
repetative flexion - extension.

50
Q

static stability of the knee depends on which 4 ligaments?

A
  1. anterior cruciate
  2. posterior cruciate
  3. medial collateral
  4. lateral collateral
51
Q

static stability provides ____ restraint to _____ knee motion.

A

primary.

abnormal.

52
Q

Anterior translation restricted by?

53
Q

Posterior translation restricted by?

54
Q

valgus rotation restricted by?

55
Q

varus rotation restricted by?

56
Q

lateral rotation restricted by?

A

MCL and LCL

57
Q

medial rotation restricted by?

A

ACL and PCL

58
Q

Cruciate ligaments are _____ - ___ and _____ ____ because of the posterior invagination of the synovial membrane.

A

intra-articular and extra synovial

59
Q

cruciate ligaments are different because they restrict ______ motion rather than restrict _____ motion.

A

NORMAL, abnormal .

60
Q

Cruciate ligaments are named for their ______ ____

A

attachment sites.

61
Q

ACL is primary to the ____ and secondary to the ____.

A

tibia

Femur

62
Q

ACL is a ____ restraint to both ____ and _____ rotation in the ___ - ____ bearing knee.

A

secondary.
internal and external.
non-weight

63
Q

ACL MC MOI? **

A

sudden deceleration with an abrupt change of direction with a FIXED FOOT

64
Q

fixed foot = ?

A

closed kinetic chain

65
Q

PCL provieds ____ - ___ % of posterior translation

66
Q

MOI where the PCL can tear? (2)

A
  1. excessive hyperflextion

2. Hyperextension

67
Q

PCL most common injury? (at least from lecture)

A

dashboard injury

68
Q

MCL: anterior fibers are taut in _____.

A

flexion (easy to palpate)

69
Q

MCL: posterior fibers are taut in _____

A

extension (difficult to palpate)

70
Q

main function of LCL?

A

to resist Varus forces.

71
Q

LCL offers the majority of the varus restraint at ___ degrees of knee ____ and in full ____.

A

25 degrees.
flexion.
extension.

72
Q

Secondary restraints of the knee? (3)

A
  1. the structures in the posterior-lateral and posterior-medial corners of the knee
  2. hamstrings and quadriceps.
  3. patellar ligament, oblique popliteal ligament and fabella.
73
Q

which menisci is semi - lunar or C shaped?

74
Q

Medial menisci is _____ and sits in the ____ medial tibial plateau and is ____ posteriorly than anteriorly.

A

thicker. concave. wider.

75
Q

Which menisci is O shaped?

76
Q

Lateral menisci sits over the ____ lateral tibial plateau. attached by ____ ligaments.

A

convex. coronary

77
Q

Lateral menisci is ____ and more ____ than the medial.

A

smaller, mobile.

78
Q

two ________ ligaments attach to the lateral menisci

A

mensicofemoral.

79
Q

a meniscectomy can reduce the shock absorbing capacity of the knee by up to ___ %

80
Q

Terrible triad aka?

A

triad of O’Donoghue

81
Q

Terrible triad is composed of?

A
  1. MCL
  2. ACL
  3. Medial meniscus
82
Q

prepatellar bursitis aka?

A

housemaids knee

83
Q

where does swelling occur for housemaids knee?

A

lower 1/2 patella and upper 1/2 of patellar ligament.

84
Q

MOI for prepatellar bursitis?

A

excessive repetative kneeling or leaning forward. OVERUSE

85
Q

Other possible MOI for housemaids knee?

A

direct blow or chronic friction.

86
Q

Infrapatellar bursitis aka?

A

Clergyman’s knee

87
Q

for clergymans knee, swelling occurs on both sides of the ___ ____ near the tibial tuberosity.

A

patellar ligament

88
Q

superior lateral border of popliteal fossa

A

biceps femoris tendon

89
Q

superior medial border of popliteal fossa

A

semitendinosus and semimembranosus

90
Q

inferior borders of popliteal fossa

A

2 heads of gastrocnemius muscles

91
Q

contents of popliteal fossa

A

posterior tibial nerve, poplietar artery and nerve.

92
Q

escaped synovial fluid in an enclosed membrane sac which is protuding through the joint capsule of the knee

A

Bakers cyst

93
Q

Bakers cyst often associated with?

94
Q

bakers cyst is a ________ joint disorder

A

femorotibial

95
Q

Synovial ______ represents a remnant of the three separate cavities in the synovial ______ of the developing knee.

A

plica. mesenchyme

96
Q

Retinacula is formed from structures int he ____ and ____ layers of the knee joint

A

first and second

97
Q

retinacula can be divided into ____ and ____ retinacula.

A

medial and lateral

98
Q

major muscles that act on the knee joint.

A 
quadriceps
hamstrings
gastrocnemius
popliteus 
hip adductors
99
Q

The arc of flexion and extension should be smooth - on occasion a patient may be unable to extend the knee through the last ___ of motion and only may be able to finish with great effort. = ?

A

10 degrees.

= EXTENSION LAG

100
Q

Extension lag occurs with ?

A

quadriceps weakness

101
Q

the knee cannot fully extend without some amount of external tibial rotation of the femur because of the physical configuration of the knee joint and its cruciate ligaments.

A

Helfets Helix

102
Q

With screw home motion; the ____ moves onto the femoral condyles in ____

A

tibia. extension

103
Q

to reach full extension, the ____ side of the tibia must rotate _____ around the lateral femoral condyle.

A

medial

laterally

104
Q

The _____ rotation allows the ____ femoral condyle to complete the extension position

A

lateral

medial

105
Q

major blood supply to the knee comes from? (3)

A
  1. femoral artery
  2. popliteal artery
  3. genicular arteries
106
Q

Nerves in the knee? (2)

A
  1. Femoral/saphneous N

2. Sciatic (common peroneal & tibial)

107
Q

knee pain can be reffered to the knee from the lumbosacral region ___ to ___ segements, or from the ___.

A

L3 - S2

Hip

Orthopedic Diagnosis (17 decks)

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