Kidney toxicity

Question 1

what are the 5 main function of the kidney?

Answer 1

1) filter the blood
2) remove and reabsorb water
3) secrete essential hormones e.g renin
4) activate vitamin D
5) Metabolism

Question 2

what is a nephron?

Answer 2

.A nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidneys that regulates water and soluble substances in the blood by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed, and excreting the rest as urine.

Question 3

describe the structure glomerulus?

Answer 3

The glomerulus is a loop of capillaries tiwsted into a ball shape surrounded by the bownmans capsule. This is wher ultrafitlteration takes place

Question 4

what is the main function of the glomerulus?

Answer 4

main function is to filter the plasma to produce glomerular filtrate which eventually forms urine.

Question 5

what is the RAAS?

Answer 5

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a well known regulator of blood pressure (BP) and determinant of target-organ damage. It controls fluid and electrolyte balance through coordinated effects on the heart, blood vessels, and Kidneys.

Question 6

what is erythropoietin?

Answer 6

A hormone that is released by specialzed cells in the kidney and it is released when there is low levels of oxygen(hypoxia).It acts on the red blood cell and protect them from destruction.

Question 7

what is low calcium?

Answer 7

Hypocalcaemia

Question 8

what is high calcium?

Answer 8

Hypercalcaemia

Question 9

What is is nephrotoxicity?

Answer 9

This is toxicity in the kidney,specifically the nephrons. It is the toxic effect of substances e.g medication,toxic substances on the kidney.

Question 10

what is nephritis?

Answer 10

Inflammation of nephrons
This inflammation can narrow the capillairy lumen because of the recuriment of all the cell as an inflammatory response.It can cause fibrosis.
There is 2 types:
Glomerulonephrtis
Interstitisal nephritis

Question 11

what rate of blood in the glomerulus is considered as severe kidney failure?

Answer 11

<30 mils per min

Question 12

what is considered the normal rate of blood floow in the glomerus?

Answer 12

100-140 mils per min

Question 13

How does NSAIDS cause toxicity in the kidney?

Answer 13

it inhibts the production of COX ,this leads the inhibtion of prostaglandin sythesis this cause the blood vessels to be constricted and not alllowing oxygen in the glomeruls

Question 14

what is acute tubular necrosis?

Answer 14

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is a kidney disorder involving damage to the tubule cells of the kidneys, which can lead to acute kidney failure. The tubules are tiny ducts in the kidneys that help filter the blood when it passes through the kidneys.(cell death)

Question 15

what is cadium and what are its effect in the body?

Answer 15

Cadmium is a food contamient and can be be found is cigarettes and polluted air.
It can cause glycosuria and proteinsuria. Causing serious damage to the kideys.

Question 16

What is carbon terachloride?

Answer 16

Carbon tetrachloride it used to be used as cleaning product.It has radicals. This toxin can bind to the DNA or to the protein and altering them it can cause oliguria and anuria-this is because it make the cell membrane of the tubules leaky.

Question 17

what is crystal nephropathy>

Answer 17

This is obstruction of tubules by calculi(kidney stones)
this can be cause by insoluble toxins(heroin),metabolites(direct)
or altered calcium,phosphate,uric acid concentration (indirect)

Question 18

What is Myoglobinuria?

Answer 18

This means excessive myoglobin found in the urine.This can be caused by skeletal muscle injury causing a breakdown of muscle causing damage to the kidneys.

Question 19

what is Thrombotic microangiopathy?

Answer 19

A disorder of small blood vessels which results in blood clotting.Different drugs can cause this e.g
a strain e-coli shiga,an anti cancer drug (mitomycin)

Question 20

Name 3 traditional biomarkers of acute kidney injury

Answer 20

1) Serum creatinine (elevated)
2) Measurement of urine output (decrease)
3) Glomerular filtration rate (decrease)

Question 21

What is thrombotic microangiopathy?

Answer 21

This blood clots in the capillaries and arterioles due to an endothelial injury.

Question 22

What is myoglobinuria?

Answer 22

This is myoglobin in the urine due to muscle injury or rhabdomyolysis

Question 23

What is crystal nephropathy?

Answer 23

Obstruction of the tubules by the calculi (kidney stones)it is cased by insoluble toxins such as heroin and medication that contain sulfur