Carcinigens,mutagen and teratogens Flashcards
What is a carcinogens?
Anything that cause cancer
what is a mutagen?
can an alteration to DNA e.g radiation
What is teratogen?
embyro damaging-congential abnormalites
Give exmaples of DNA variations
Single nucleotide polymorphism Deletion Insertion Repeat Translocation DNA methylation(epigenetics)
examples of a frameshift
Deletion and insertion-can alter protein
What is transversions?
A mutation from a purine to a pyrimidine e.g cytosine to a guanine
What is a transition?
A mutation form purine to another purine or a pyrimidine to a pyrimidine
Name the three catergories of SNP?
1) Synonymous(Silent)
2) Missense(Amino acid change)
3) Nonsense(Stops transcription)
Name the different mutations
Hydrolysis(deamination and depurination) •Oxidation •Alkylation •Crosslinking of DNA •Base analogues •Intercalating agents
What are base analogue agents?
They are substitutes for the normal nitrogenous base-they can affect the way DNA repilcates and transcritption
What mutagenicity test-Ames test?
The Ames test is a widely employed method that uses bacteria to test whether a given chemical can cause mutations in the DNA of the test organism.
How does a carcinogens cause cancer?
The carcinogens cause a change in the DNA of the cell which leads to rapid cell division-mutations and the the creation of a tumour.
Name 3 types of tumors
1) Benign
2) Premalignant
3) Malignant
What are the 2 types of carcinogens?
1) Probable carcinogen
2) Definite carcinogen
what are the 4 possible manifestions of tetraogen?
1) functional defects
2) growth retardation
3) Malformation
4) death
Name some toxins that affect the growth of a foetus
Nicotine-cause blood vessels to constrict
Alcohol-can affect the development of the brain
Methotrexate- affects the protein synthesis
Phenytoin-growth and mental retardation &craniofacial abnormalites
Teratracycline-inhibits protein synthesis & stains the teeth
Examples of toxic metal
lead-can cross the placenta-can cause-haemangioma and lymphangiomas
Mecury-neuropathy-severe brain damage
What is the most common factor related to cancer ?
Diet
