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Biology > Kidney Test > Flashcards

Kidney Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Each kidney is supplies blood though ???

A

The renal artery

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2
Q

Why is the blood from the kidney entering at a high pressure?

A

It leads from the body’s main artery: the aorta

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3
Q

Where does filtered blood pass out of?

A

The renal vein

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4
Q

What passes out of the kidneys through the ureter?

A

Urine

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5
Q

Label the 7 main features on a kidney

A

GO!

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6
Q

What is a nephron/kidney tubule?

A

Microscopic tubes that filter the blood

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7
Q

What does the cortex contain?

A

Tiny blood vessels that branch from the renal artery

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8
Q

What is the medulla?

A

The middle layer of the kidney

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9
Q

What is the middle layer of the kidney called?

A

The medulla

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10
Q

What happens when urine is passed to the tips of pyramids?

A

Urine is emptied into the renal pelvis, which connects to the ureter and carries the urine to the bladder.

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11
Q

What is a glomerulus?

A

A ball of blood capillaries which sits inside the Bowman’s capsule

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12
Q

In a nephron, what comes after the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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13
Q

What happens in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Useful substances such as glucose, salts, amino acids, mineral ions and water are selectively reabsorbed by the blood by diffusion and active transport.

Approx 65% of water is reabsorbed here

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14
Q

What happens in the Bowman’s capsule?

What is it called?

A

Blood enters under high pressure
Blood plasma contents are forced into the Bowman’s capsule from the glomerular capillaries
It depends on their size

This is called ULTRAFILTRATION

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15
Q

What is the liquid that enters the proximal convoluted tubing called?

A

Glomerular filtrate

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16
Q

What blood plasma contents are too big to exit the glomerular capillaries?

A

Red blood cells and most proteins remain in the blood

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17
Q

In a nephron, what comes after the proximal convoluted tubing?

A

The loop of Henlé

18
Q

What happens in the loop on Henlé?

A

The salt concentration of the medulla is increased by active transport of sodium (Na+) and Calcuum (Cl-)

19
Q

What is the effect of increased salt concentration in the medulla?

A

Causes a little more water to be reabsorbed.

It moves by osmosis into surrounding blood vessels.

20
Q

If the loop of Henlé is longer what is the effect?

Why?

A

More water is reabsorbed into the blood.

Because more salt is being produced in the medulla which lowers the water potential and increases the amount of osmosis.

21
Q

What comes after the loop of Henlé?

A

The distal convoluted tubule

22
Q

What happens in the collecting ducts?

A

Walls are impermeable to water
Water is reabsorbed when ADH is produced
ADH makes the walls more permeable to water

23
Q

Where is ADH produced and why?

A

In the pituitary gland in the brain

It’s produced to open channels in the collecting duct so that water can pass out by osmosis. It promotes water reabsorbtion to prevent dehydration.

24
Q

The more ADH produced…

A

The more concentrated urine will be (because more water will be reabsorbed and therefore less in the urine)

25
Q

What does ADH stand for?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone

26
Q

Where is blood content monitored?

A

In the hypothalamus

below the brain

27
Q

3 metabolic waste products filtered in the kidneys?

A

Urea
Water
Salt

28
Q

What is the function of the bladder?

A

To store urine

29
Q

How many nephrons are there in each of your kidneys??

A

1 million

1,000,000

30
Q

What is excretion?

A

The removal of metabolic waste (waste products of cell reactions)

31
Q

What is a dialysis machine?

A

An artificial kidney

32
Q

Why might your kidneys fail?

A

Very high blood pressure causes large molecule to be forced into the Bowman’s capsule

33
Q

Why I skid et failure a threat to life?

A

Waste products like urea that are not removed from the blood can be toxic.

34
Q

3 stages of a dialysis machine?

A

Blood from arm goes into partially permeable tube in the machine, only waste products diffuse out

Clean blood passes through air bubble remover

Clean blood is returned to the arm

35
Q

Why should dialysis fluid contain no urea ?

A

No urea so it can travel by diffusion from high concentration to low concentration, the concentration gradient has to be steep for rapid diffusion out of the blood.

36
Q

Why should dialysis fluid contain normal plasma levels of salt, glucose and minerals?

A

So that if they are in excess try will diffuse out, if levels are low they will diffuse in. (the correct concentration gradient is needed for diffusion)

37
Q

Why is the constant circulation of dialysis fluid important?

A

To maintain the concentration gradients

38
Q

How does a kidney transplant work?

A

An additional kidney is added from an organ donor, it filters most of the blood while the other kidney has no other functions.

39
Q

What is tissue rejection?

A

When white blood cells attack new tissue because they believe that the foreign cells are a threat to the body. This causes the tissue to break down.

40
Q

What drugs can be taken to reduce chance of tissue rejection?
Why are they bad?

A

Immuno suppressant drugs.

this makes the immune system less effective and increases risks of getting other diseases

Biology (17 decks)

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