Key Issues in Global Health (18) Flashcards
Nic Marks
The Happy Planet Index - Why do we measure a nation’s success by its productivity instead of by the happiness and well-being of its people. Fundamental input = planets resources
What countries aren’t producing good well-being?
Sub-Saharan Africa
What countries are producing good well-being?
Costa Rica (abolished army 1949, first to become carbon neutral, invested in health and education
5 things to happiness
- Communicate
- Be Active
- Take Notice
- Learn
- Give
Health
State of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease/infirmity
Global health
Health issues where determinants are oblivious to territorial boundaries, focused on people as a whole
International health
Health practices, policies and systems in countries other than one’s own and stresses and more the differences between countries than their commonalities
Global health economy has grown by what percentage 2000-2005?
35%
Global health challenges
210 million women become pregnant annually, 20 million experience pregnancy-related illness, 500,000 die from complications of pregnancy/childbirth
Lifetime risk of dying in pregnancy
Africa 1 in 12
Europe 1 in 4,000
Communicable diseases
Any condition which is transmitted directly/indirectly from an infected person/animal through agency of intermediate animal, host, or vector, or inanimate environment
Chronic disease
Requires ongoing medical care, limits what one can do, likely to last longer than a year
What percentage of the global disease burden are chronic conditions responsible for?
60%
Examples of chronic diseases
Diabetes, hypertension, COPD, dementia, obesity, depression, arthritis, cancers, AIDs
What percentage of the world’s one billion smokers live in low and middle income countries?
80%
How many people are currently living with HIV worldwide?
35 million, 38% less than in 2001
How many women globally have had a child by age of 18?
1 in 5
What percentage of world’s population will live in urban areas in 2 decades?
Nearly 60%
Urban slums
- 1/3rd population, 3/4 of least developed countries’ urban population live in slums
- Densely populated, neglected arts of city
- Caused by rapid population growth, rural to urban migration and failure of urban governance
Healthcare in future
- Risk of dying before 5 could be halved
- Cigarettes kill half as many again (1/10 world deaths 2030)
- Depression second to AIDS as cause of debilitating illness
Health systems
- Improving the health of the population they serve
- Responding to people’s expectations
- Providing financial protection against the costs of ill-health
Six Building Blocks of a Health System
Service delivery, Financing, Medical products and technologies, Health information system, Leadership and Governance, Health workforce
Funding of healthcare
Countries spending below US$ 10 per person per year seldom appear to achieve more than 75% of the life expectancy that should be possible
Primary methods of funding health care systems
- Direct/out-of-pocket payments
- General taxation to the state, county, municipality
- Social health insurance
- Voluntary or private health insurance
- Donations/community health insurance
Millennium Development Goals (UN Millennium Summit September 2000 by 2015)
- End poverty and hunger
- Universal education
- Gender equality
- Child health
- Maternal health
- Combat HIV/AIDS
- Environmental sustainability
- Global partnership
World consumption
The 1.2 billion poorest people account for only 1 per cent of world consumption while the billion richest consume 72 per cent
New global partnership - eradicate poverty and transform economies through sustainable development (post-2015)
- Leave no one behind
- Put sustainable development at the core integrate the social, economy and environmental, dimensions of sustainability
- Transform economies for jobs and inclusive growth
- Build peace and effective, open and accountable institutions for all
- Forge a new global partnership
Psychological well-being
A sense of individual vitality, undertake activities which are meaningful, engaging, make them feel competent and autonomous, inner resources help cope and resilient, sense of relatedness to others
Measuring PWB
Numerous questionnaires
Measuring PWB examples
North West Mental Wellbeing Survey 2009
OECD
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, promotes use of well-being measures to compare how well a country is doing
NEF
Tried to push government into widening measure of well-being to be broader than GDP
Assess Approach - Glass Half-Full
How an asset approach can improve community health and well-being
Asset
A health asset is any factor/resource which enhances the ability of individuals, communities and populations to maintain and sustain health and well-being, can be at level of individual, family, or community - protective
Community health champions
Volunteers rained to champion health improvement in communities - one-to-ones basis/set up support activities
WHO’s ‘Healthy Hospitals’
Energy efficient, green building design, alternative energy generation, transport (human powered), food, waste, water
