Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

I and P > Evidence for Population Health (5 & 6) > Flashcards

Evidence for Population Health (5 & 6) Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology is

A

The distribution and determinants of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Anecdote

A

Story about a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Case series

A

More than one person with a disease e.g MMR vaccine/HIV discovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Anecdote/Case series pros

A
  • Quick
  • Easy to perform in a clinic
  • Provides new previously-unobserved conditions
  • Provides new potential risk factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Anecdote/Case series cons

A
  • Not scientific - not able to test a hypothesis
  • Seriously affected by observer bias
  • Difficult to make inference about disease cause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cross-sectional survey

A

Method that you examine a group of people, roughly at same time, take a picture of whats happening at that point in time with a particular outcome
e.g. 38 people like this face cream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cross-sectional survey pros

A
  • Quick

- Good at estimating prevalence or burden

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cross-sectional survey cons

A
  • Only represents that point in time
  • Cannot estimate incidence
  • Sampling frame may lead to bias
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Measuring incidence

A
  • When new cases arise in a population

- A register is commonly-used to measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Analytical epidemiology

A

Working out the determinants in a population of a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Descriptive epidemiology

A

Distribution of the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Counterfactual method

A

The opposite of fact, if you keep everything the same but remove the cause from the population would the disease still occur?

  • Not possible to create
  • David Humes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ecological studies

A
  • Unit of observation is a group

- Compare two groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ecological study pros

A
  • Less expensive
  • Less prone to bias due to participation (already collected data)
  • Easy to perform using routine collected data
  • Provides new hypotheses about the causes of a disease or condition
  • Provides new potential risk factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ecological study cons

A
  • Ecologically fallacy - assuming everybody in an area is the same
  • Assume average value of the risk factor applies to all individuals
  • Assume average incidence applies to all the individuals in a population
  • Data collection may vary e.g. coding systems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Case-control study

A

Case - person with disease
Control - person without disease

  • Measure whether they’ve been exposed to what interested in
  • Know disease first and measuring cause
  • Compare the control and cases if exposed to cause (odds ratio and relative risk)

1 = no effect
> 1 = association, exposure raises the risk

17
Q

Case-control study pros

A
  • Good for rare disease/exposure
  • Fairly quick
  • No need for follow up
18
Q

Case-control study cons

A
  • Prone to selection bias
  • Prone to participation bias
  • Finding a suitable control group can be difficult
  • Difference in recall
  • Leading to bias
19
Q

Choosing control

A
  • Ask spouse
  • Newspaper
  • Death certificates
  • Ask siblings, neighbours
  • GPs
20
Q

Cohort study

A
  • Best observational study
  • Start with group of people none of whom have disease interested in
  • Measure their exposure to whatever cause interested in
  • Follow through time (Follow-up period)
  • Count who now have disease in exposed group and non-exposed group
21
Q

Cohort study pros

A
  • Good for rare exposures
  • Can look at multiple outcomes
  • Reduces info bias
  • Survivor bias
  • Direct measurement of incidence
22
Q

Cohort study cons

A
  • Inefficient for rare diseases
  • Expensive
  • Retrospective is quicker
  • Loss to follow-up
23
Q

Important cohort studies

A
  • British Doctors’ cohort (Doll and smoking)
  • Framingham study (CV)
  • Atomic bomb
  • Millennium
  • Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)
24
Q

Randomised controlled trial

A
  • Experimental
  • ‘Gold-standard’
  • Tests how well an intervention works i.e. a drug/therapy
  • Control group have the disease but not the treatment
  • Healthy people for preventive trial
  • Sick people for therapeutic trial
25
Q

Randomised controlled trial pros

A
  • Strongest evidence for causality
  • If randomised, selection bias and confounding removed
  • If blinded, less observer bias
26
Q

Randomised controlled trial cons

A
  • Not real life
  • High cost
  • Inappropriate or unethical for many research questions
27
Q

Single Blinding

A

The patient doesn’t know what they’re receiving

28
Q

Double blinding

A

The patient and the doctor doesn’t know what they’re receiving

29
Q

Placebo effect

A

Can feel better or worse even if not taking the drug

30
Q

Error

A

Difference between an estimated or measured value and the true value

31
Q

Bias

A

Leaning to one side

32
Q

Sources of error

A
  • Study design
  • Sample collecting
  • Lab analysis
  • Data analysis
  • Data management
  • Data collection
33
Q

Selection bias

A

Choosing the wrong people

34
Q

Self-selection bias

A

You’re putting yourself into a study to help others, can be more educated, younger, more wealthy, differences between people who self-select and don’t

35
Q

Information bias

A

Collected right people but measured the wrong thing e.g. recall bias, interview bias, surrogate bias

36
Q

Misclassification bias

A

When data is placed into categories, information is placed in wrong categories

37
Q

Diagnostic bias

A

Made based on exposure e.g. mesothelioma in asbestos workers

I and P (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions