Health Protection (16)

Question 1

Health Protection

Answer 1

• Preventing and controlling infectious disease
• Reducing the adverse effects of chemical, microbiological and radiological hazards
• Preparing for potential or emerging threats

Question 2

Examples

Answer 2

• Radiation
• Chemicals and Poisons
• Emergency response
• Communicable disease

Question 3

Diseases that have emerged/re-emerged

Answer 3

TB, HIV, MRSA, C Diff, E coli O157, Ebola, Pandemic flu - H1N1, Zika, CPE

Question 4

21st Century

Answer 4

• Societal events (war, migration, urban decay)
• Human behaviour (travel, diet, recreation)
• Health care (new devices, transplants, immunosuppression)
• Environmental change (deforestation, flood, climate change)
• Public health infrastructure (organisation, trained personnel)
• Microbiological adaptation (antibiotic resistance, mutation)

Question 5

Routes of infection

Answer 5

Direct contact - Scabies
Airborne - Legionella
Food borne - Salmonella
Faecal-oral - Hep A
Water borne - Cryptosporidia
Sexually transmitted - Chlamydia
Blood and organ borne - HIV, Hep B and C
Vector borne - malaria, yellow fever

Question 6

Susceptibility - host

Answer 6

Genetic, General health, Immunity, Nutritional State, Age, Medication, Concurrent illness

Question 7

Susceptibility - organism

Answer 7

Dose, Virulence, Length of exposure time

Question 8

Susceptibility - environmental factors

Answer 8

Social (poverty and stress), Physical (ventilation, over-crowding, hygiene)

Question 9

Surveillance and eipdemiology

Answer 9

Descriptive, Analytic studies (case control/cohort), Mapping

Question 10

Notifiable diseases

Answer 10

Acute encephalitis, Measles, Acute meningitis, Meningococcal septicaemia, Acute poliomyelitis, Mumps, Acute infectious hepatitis, Plague, Anthrax, Rabies, Botulism, Rubella, Brucellosis, SARs, Cholera, Smallpox, Diphtheria, Tetanus, Enteric fever (typhoid/paratyphoid fever), TB, Food poisoning, Typhus, Haemolytic uraemia syndrome (HUS), Viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) - Ebola, Infectious bloody diarrhoea, Whooping cough, Invasive group A streptococcal disease and scarlet fever, Legionnaires’ disease, Yellow fever, Leprosy, Malaria, Dysentery

Question 11

E Coli O157

Answer 11

• Severe bloody diarrhoea
• Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome
• Small infective dose
• Intestine of cattle, sheep
• Spread: food, environment, person to person
• Lanarkshire 1996 - 17 dead
• South Wales 2005 - 1 dead