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Biology Daisy > Key Concepts CB1 > Flashcards

Key Concepts CB1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

They are complex and include all animal and plant cells

Cells that have a nuclei

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2
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

They are smaller and simpler and do not have nuclei in their cells

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains dna and controls activity of cell

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4
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls what goes in and out of the cell

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5
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where are aerobic respiration occurs - releases energy

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6
Q

Ribosomes

A

Where proteins are made in protein synthesis

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7
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Where chemical reactions take place

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8
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Contain chlorophyll to absorb sunlight where photosynthesis happens

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9
Q

Vacuole

A

Keeps the cell rigid support and stores sap

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10
Q

Cell wall

A

Made of cellulose for support and to stop the cell bursting

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11
Q

Chromosomal dna

A

Controls most of the cells activity and contains most of the cells dna

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12
Q

Plasmid dna

A

Small loops of extra dna

Contain some dna and controls some of the cells activity

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13
Q

Flagellum

A

A long hair like structure that rotates to make the bacterium move
Moves to propel the cell

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14
Q

What happens in sexual reproduction?

A

The nucleus of the egg fuses with the nucleus of the sperm to create a fertilised egg
They combine at fertilisation so the resulting cell will have 46 chromosomes

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15
Q

The main function of the egg cell

A

To carry the female dna and to nourish the developing embryo in the early stages

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16
Q

Cytoplasm in the egg

A

Contains nutrients to feed the embryo

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17
Q

What kind of nucleus does an egg cells have?

A

Haploid - 23 chromosomes

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18
Q

What happens to the eggs membrane after fertilisation?

A

It changes structure to stop any sperm getting in- makes sure the offspring end up with the right amount of chromosomes

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19
Q

What is the function of the sperm p?

A

Is to transport the males dna to the females egg

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20
Q

Why do sperms have a long tail?

A

To swim to the egg

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21
Q

Sperms mitochondria

A

Has lots in the middle section to provide the energy from respiration needed to swim the distance

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22
Q

What does the acrosome do in a sperm?

A

Stores enzymes needed to digest its way through the membrane of the egg cell

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23
Q

What kind of nucleus does a sperm have?

A

Haploid - 23 chromosomes

24
Q

Where are epithelial cells found?

A

They line the surfaces of organs

25
Q

What is the function of the ciliated epithelial cells?

A

To move substance- they beat to move substances in one direction along the surface of the tissue

26
Q

How do you measure the actual size?

A

Image size / magnification

27
Q

What is the actual size

A

Size in real life

28
Q

What is the image size?

A

Size on the picture

29
Q

What is the magnification?

A

How much bigger the image is then the actual size

30
Q

What was Robert Hookes microscopes magnification?

A

X30 this means that the object became 30 times bigger than the actual size

31
Q

What are better old or new light microscopes?

A

New as they have a better magnification- this allows us to see small objects
They have better resolution as well

32
Q

What is the eye piece lens on a light microscope?

A

The eyepiece lens magnifies the image

33
Q

What is resolution?

A

The smallest distance between two points that can be seen as two points
- a better resolution allows us to see in more detail

34
Q

What are electron microscopes?

A

They are the most modern

They have better magnification of x2000000 and resolution

35
Q

What are micrographs?

A

Pictures taken down by micro graphs

36
Q

What is it called that you see down the micro scope?

A

The field of view

37
Q

How do you use the microscope?

A

Place the slide on the stage and look through the eyepiece lens
Make sure the smallest objective lens is on
Turn the focussing wheel to get a clear image
Increase the magnification of the objective lens and use the focussing wheel again

38
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A protein that acts as a biological catalyst. It speeds up chemical reactions without being changed itself

39
Q

What is the active site?

A

The part where it joins on to its substrate to catalyse the reaction.

40
Q

What happens if you increase the temperature in an enzyme reaction?

A

Increase the rate at first
But if it gets to hot some of the bonds holding the enzyme together break
This changes the shape of the enzymes active site
The enzyme denatures

41
Q

What affect does the pH have on enzymes?

A

If it’s to high or low the pH interferes with the bonds holding the enzyme together - changes the shape of the active site and enzyme denatures

42
Q

What’s the effect of pH on Pepsin?

A

Pepsin breaks down proteins in the stomach - it works best at pH 2 which means it’s well suited in acidic conditions

43
Q

What is the effect of the substrate concentration?

A

The higher the substrate concentration, the faster the reaction. This is because it is more likely for an enzyme to meet up and react with a substrate molecule
However after a point, adding more makes no difference

44
Q

What are carbohydrates made out of?
What enzyme breaks it down?
What does it break down into?

A

Sugar molecules joined together

Carbohydrase breaks food down in digestion into sugars so we can absorb them into our blood

45
Q

What are proteins made out of?
What enzyme breaks them down?
What do they break down into?

A

Amino acids
Protease
Into amino acids so we can absorb them into out blood

46
Q

What are lipids made up of?
What enzyme breaks them down?
What do they break down into?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids
Lipase
Into glycerol and fatty acids so we can absorb them into our blood

47
Q

What is glycogen synthase?

A

An enzyme that joins together lots of chains of glucose molecules to make glycogen

48
Q

Diffusion

A

Is the overall movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

49
Q

What substances can diffusion happen in?

A

Liquids and gases because the particles are free to move about randomly

50
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high per water concentration to a region of lower concentration

51
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of particles across a membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration using energy transferred during respiration

52
Q

Slime coat

A

Stops cell from drying out and protects it from being engulfed

53
Q

Acrosome

A

Contains enzymes to break down the jelly coat to allow the sperm to get inside and fertilise the egg

54
Q

Cytoplasm in a the egg cells

A

Contains lots of nutrients for the fertilised egg to use to help it develop into an embryo

55
Q

Cell membrane of the egg

A

Hardens after fertilisation to prevent more than one sperm entering

56
Q

Ciliates epithetical cells in fertilisation

A

Have cilia which are hair like structure that beat to and fro to move the fertilised egg towards the womb

Biology Daisy (12 decks)

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