CB5 Health And Disease Flashcards
Health
A state of complete physical, mental and social well being not just simply being in the absence of disease
Disease
A problem with the structure or process in the body that is not caused by injury
Communicable disease
Disease that can be spread from person to person
Non communicable
Disease cannot be passed between people. Caused by a problem in the body such as a fault in the genes or lifestyle choices
Pathogens
Organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and bacteria
That cause communicable diseases
Cholera
- pathogen
- symptoms and effects
- how it spreads
- how to reduce transmission
Bacteria
Diarrhoea
Contaminated water
Making sure people have access to clean water and treating drinking water
Tuberculosis
- pathogen
- symptoms and effects
- how it spreads
- how to reduce transmission
Bacteria
Coughing and lung damage
Airborne - inhaling infected sneezing/coughing
TB vaccinations
Covering mouth when coughing and sneezing
Malaria
- pathogen
- symptoms and effects
- how it spreads
- how to reduce transmission
Protist
Damage to blood and liver cells causing fever and sickness
Animal vectors - mosquitos carry protist from person to person
Mosquito nets
Insect repellent to stop them biting
Chalara ash dieback
- pathogen
- symptoms and effects
- how it spreads
- how to reduce transmission
Fungi
Leaf loss and bark lesions to ash trees
Airborne- spores in the air carried by wind
Cutting down infected trees
Ebola
- pathogen
- symptoms and effects
- how it spreads
- how to reduce transmission
Virus
Haemorrhagic fever - internal bleeding and fever
Bodily fluids of infected people getting into blood of non infected people
Wear protective clothing and face masks when working with infected people
Stomach ulcers
- pathogen
- symptoms and effects
- how it spreads
- how to reduce transmission
Heliconacted bacteria
Stomach pain
Oral - touching peoples food after touching own infected mouth
Washing hands before preparing food
HIV
- pathogen
- symptoms and effects
- how it spreads
- how to reduce transmission
Virus
Destroys white blood cells causing the onset of AIDS. This means you will get very easily ill from other pathogens
Contact with sexual fluids
Sharing infected needles
Blood-blood contact
From mother to baby
Condoms screening before giving in transfusions
Chlamydia
- pathogen
- symptoms and effects
- how it spreads
- how to reduce transmission
Bacteria Often no obvious symptoms but can lead to infertility STI Contact with sexual fluids From mother to baby Condom Antibiotics to get rid of infection Screening to check if you have chlamydia
What causes specific deficiency disease?
Lack of a certain nutrients
Malnutrition
Occurs when you get too little or too much of particular nutrients
Protein
- disease
- symptoms
- good sources in diet
Kwashiorkor
Tiredness, swelling , skin lose in colour
Meat , legumes and milk
Vitamin C
- disease
- symptoms
- good sources in diet
Scurvy
Bleeding under the skin
Citrus fruits
Vitamin D
- disease
- symptoms
- good sources in diet
Rickets
Legs become bowed, wrist and ankles thicken
Sardines, salmon and tuna
Iron
- disease
- symptoms
- good sources in diet
Anemia
Skin -pale , fatigue, dizzy , low blood pressure
Liver, lean meats, green leafy vegetables
Multifactorial diseases
Many non communicable diseases
Many factors add to the risk of developing the disease
If you are affected by one disease …
It could make you more susceptible to another disease - your body may become weakened by the disease m so it is less able to fight off others
How is HIV spread?
Via bodily fluids - blood, semen and vaginal fluids
Physical barriers - skin
Acts as a barrier to pathogens and if it gets damaged blood clots quickly seal cuts and stop microorganisms from escaping
Physical Barriers - mucus
Trap particles in your nose that could contain pathogens
Physical barriers - cilia
Hair like structures that waft the mucus back up the throat where it can be swallowed
Chemical barriers - lysozyme
The eyes produce a chemical called lysozyme which kills bacteria on the surface of the eye
Chemical barrier - hydrochloric acid
The stomach produces hydrochloric acid which kills most pathogens that are swallowed
Immune response
When a pathogen first enters the body the response is slow - no b-lymphocytes that can make any antibodies
Eventually the body will produce the antibodies - will show symptoms
Memory lymphocytes are produced - remain in body and remember
The secondary response is faster and stronger - before any symptoms
Immunisation
Infecting dead or inactive pathogens into your body - your body makes antibodies to destroy them
Memory lymphocytes are made - which can trigger the secondary immune response
What are antibiotics and what are they used for?
They inhibit the processes in the bacterial cells but not in the host organisms - inhibit cell wall - which prevents bacteria from dividing
Developing new medicines - discovery
Finding a new drug that may cure or treat a disease
Developing new medicines- preclinical
Testing the drugs in cells in the lab to see if it enters the cells and has the effect we want
Developing new medicines- animal testing
Testing the drugs on animals to check if it works on a whole organisms but without causing harm to humans
Developing new medicines - Small clinical trial
Test on a small number of people to check if the drug is safe and does not have bad side effects
Developing new medicines - large clinical trial
Test on a large number of people with the disease to find out the correct dose and check for side effects
Risk factors of non communicable diseases
Smoking - nicotine increase heart rate and blood pressure
Damage artery walls - builds up fatty deposits in arteries - which restricts blood flow
Increases risk of blood clots , heart attack , stroke
Diet, exercise ,alcohol
What is the effect of lifestyle factor on non- communicable diseases at a local scale?
In areas where there is high levels of obesity, smoking or alcohol - likely to be lots of non communicable diseases
Puts pressure on resources of local hospitals
What is the effect of lifestyle factor on non- communicable diseases at a national scale?
NHS provides resources for non communicable diseases which is costly to the country’s economy
What is the effect of lifestyle factor on non- communicable diseases at a global scale?
Lots of malnutrition is developing countries which mean it can hold back the development of a country
BMI
Weight / height squared
Waist to hip ratio
Waist circumference / hip circumference
0.85 female - over weight
1 Male - overweight
Abdominal obesity - type 2 diabetes
How does alcohol cause liver disease?
Cirrhosis - scarring of the liver
Alcohol is broken down by enzymes in the liver and some of the products are toxic - drinking too much can cause permanent liver damage
Treatment of cardiovascular disease - lifestyle changes
Doctors might advise a patient to stop smoking or take up exercise to reduce blood pressure to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease
A- no drugs or surgery - no danger and free
D - can be difficult
Treatment of cardiovascular disease - life long medication
Doctors may give patients with very high blood pressure medicines - beta blockers to reduce blood pressure
A - simple and effective - no surgery
D - side effects - people can forget to take them , expensive
Treatment of cardiovascular disease - surgery
Some people have a stent put in their blood vessels in a surgery to widen the vessel. People who have these surgeries have to take medicine for the rest of their life
A - effective treatment - makes clots less likely
D - surgeries are dangerous , especially if people are overweight
