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Biology Daisy > CB5 Health And Disease > Flashcards

CB5 Health And Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

Health

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social well being not just simply being in the absence of disease

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2
Q

Disease

A

A problem with the structure or process in the body that is not caused by injury

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3
Q

Communicable disease

A

Disease that can be spread from person to person

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4
Q

Non communicable

A

Disease cannot be passed between people. Caused by a problem in the body such as a fault in the genes or lifestyle choices

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5
Q

Pathogens

A

Organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and bacteria

That cause communicable diseases

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6
Q

Cholera

  • pathogen
  • symptoms and effects
  • how it spreads
  • how to reduce transmission
A

Bacteria
Diarrhoea
Contaminated water
Making sure people have access to clean water and treating drinking water

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7
Q

Tuberculosis

  • pathogen
  • symptoms and effects
  • how it spreads
  • how to reduce transmission
A

Bacteria
Coughing and lung damage
Airborne - inhaling infected sneezing/coughing
TB vaccinations
Covering mouth when coughing and sneezing

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8
Q

Malaria

  • pathogen
  • symptoms and effects
  • how it spreads
  • how to reduce transmission
A

Protist
Damage to blood and liver cells causing fever and sickness
Animal vectors - mosquitos carry protist from person to person
Mosquito nets
Insect repellent to stop them biting

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9
Q

Chalara ash dieback

  • pathogen
  • symptoms and effects
  • how it spreads
  • how to reduce transmission
A

Fungi
Leaf loss and bark lesions to ash trees
Airborne- spores in the air carried by wind
Cutting down infected trees

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10
Q

Ebola

  • pathogen
  • symptoms and effects
  • how it spreads
  • how to reduce transmission
A

Virus
Haemorrhagic fever - internal bleeding and fever
Bodily fluids of infected people getting into blood of non infected people
Wear protective clothing and face masks when working with infected people

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11
Q

Stomach ulcers

  • pathogen
  • symptoms and effects
  • how it spreads
  • how to reduce transmission
A

Heliconacted bacteria
Stomach pain
Oral - touching peoples food after touching own infected mouth
Washing hands before preparing food

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12
Q

HIV

  • pathogen
  • symptoms and effects
  • how it spreads
  • how to reduce transmission
A

Virus
Destroys white blood cells causing the onset of AIDS. This means you will get very easily ill from other pathogens
Contact with sexual fluids
Sharing infected needles
Blood-blood contact
From mother to baby
Condoms screening before giving in transfusions

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13
Q

Chlamydia

  • pathogen
  • symptoms and effects
  • how it spreads
  • how to reduce transmission
A 
Bacteria 
Often no obvious symptoms but can lead to infertility 
STI 
Contact with sexual fluids 
From mother to baby 
Condom
Antibiotics to get rid of infection 
Screening to check if you have chlamydia
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14
Q

What causes specific deficiency disease?

A

Lack of a certain nutrients

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15
Q

Malnutrition

A

Occurs when you get too little or too much of particular nutrients

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16
Q

Protein

  • disease
  • symptoms
  • good sources in diet
A

Kwashiorkor
Tiredness, swelling , skin lose in colour
Meat , legumes and milk

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17
Q

Vitamin C

  • disease
  • symptoms
  • good sources in diet
A

Scurvy
Bleeding under the skin
Citrus fruits

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18
Q

Vitamin D

  • disease
  • symptoms
  • good sources in diet
A

Rickets
Legs become bowed, wrist and ankles thicken
Sardines, salmon and tuna

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19
Q

Iron

  • disease
  • symptoms
  • good sources in diet
A

Anemia
Skin -pale , fatigue, dizzy , low blood pressure
Liver, lean meats, green leafy vegetables

20
Q

Multifactorial diseases

A

Many non communicable diseases

Many factors add to the risk of developing the disease

21
Q

If you are affected by one disease …

A

It could make you more susceptible to another disease - your body may become weakened by the disease m so it is less able to fight off others

22
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Via bodily fluids - blood, semen and vaginal fluids

23
Q

Physical barriers - skin

A

Acts as a barrier to pathogens and if it gets damaged blood clots quickly seal cuts and stop microorganisms from escaping

24
Q

Physical Barriers - mucus

A

Trap particles in your nose that could contain pathogens

25
Q

Physical barriers - cilia

A

Hair like structures that waft the mucus back up the throat where it can be swallowed

26
Q

Chemical barriers - lysozyme

A

The eyes produce a chemical called lysozyme which kills bacteria on the surface of the eye

27
Q

Chemical barrier - hydrochloric acid

A

The stomach produces hydrochloric acid which kills most pathogens that are swallowed

28
Q

Immune response

A

When a pathogen first enters the body the response is slow - no b-lymphocytes that can make any antibodies
Eventually the body will produce the antibodies - will show symptoms
Memory lymphocytes are produced - remain in body and remember
The secondary response is faster and stronger - before any symptoms

29
Q

Immunisation

A

Infecting dead or inactive pathogens into your body - your body makes antibodies to destroy them
Memory lymphocytes are made - which can trigger the secondary immune response

30
Q

What are antibiotics and what are they used for?

A

They inhibit the processes in the bacterial cells but not in the host organisms - inhibit cell wall - which prevents bacteria from dividing

31
Q

Developing new medicines - discovery

A

Finding a new drug that may cure or treat a disease

32
Q

Developing new medicines- preclinical

A

Testing the drugs in cells in the lab to see if it enters the cells and has the effect we want

33
Q

Developing new medicines- animal testing

A

Testing the drugs on animals to check if it works on a whole organisms but without causing harm to humans

34
Q

Developing new medicines - Small clinical trial

A

Test on a small number of people to check if the drug is safe and does not have bad side effects

35
Q

Developing new medicines - large clinical trial

A

Test on a large number of people with the disease to find out the correct dose and check for side effects

36
Q

Risk factors of non communicable diseases

A

Smoking - nicotine increase heart rate and blood pressure
Damage artery walls - builds up fatty deposits in arteries - which restricts blood flow
Increases risk of blood clots , heart attack , stroke
Diet, exercise ,alcohol

37
Q

What is the effect of lifestyle factor on non- communicable diseases at a local scale?

A

In areas where there is high levels of obesity, smoking or alcohol - likely to be lots of non communicable diseases
Puts pressure on resources of local hospitals

38
Q

What is the effect of lifestyle factor on non- communicable diseases at a national scale?

A

NHS provides resources for non communicable diseases which is costly to the country’s economy

39
Q

What is the effect of lifestyle factor on non- communicable diseases at a global scale?

A

Lots of malnutrition is developing countries which mean it can hold back the development of a country

40
Q

BMI

A

Weight / height squared

41
Q

Waist to hip ratio

A

Waist circumference / hip circumference
0.85 female - over weight
1 Male - overweight
Abdominal obesity - type 2 diabetes

42
Q

How does alcohol cause liver disease?

A

Cirrhosis - scarring of the liver
Alcohol is broken down by enzymes in the liver and some of the products are toxic - drinking too much can cause permanent liver damage

43
Q

Treatment of cardiovascular disease - lifestyle changes

A

Doctors might advise a patient to stop smoking or take up exercise to reduce blood pressure to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease
A- no drugs or surgery - no danger and free
D - can be difficult

44
Q

Treatment of cardiovascular disease - life long medication

A

Doctors may give patients with very high blood pressure medicines - beta blockers to reduce blood pressure
A - simple and effective - no surgery
D - side effects - people can forget to take them , expensive

45
Q

Treatment of cardiovascular disease - surgery

A

Some people have a stent put in their blood vessels in a surgery to widen the vessel. People who have these surgeries have to take medicine for the rest of their life
A - effective treatment - makes clots less likely
D - surgeries are dangerous , especially if people are overweight

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