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Biology Daisy > CB2 > Flashcards

CB2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Uses of mitosis

A

Growth
Repair
Asexual reproduction

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2
Q

Cell cycle

A 
Interphase 
Prophase 
Metaphase 
Anaphase
Telophase 
Cytokinesis
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3
Q

Mitosis

A 
Prophase 
Metaphase 
Anaphase 
Telophase 
Cytokinesis
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4
Q

Interphase

A

New sub cellular structures made

- mitochondria and dna replicates

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5
Q

Prophase

A

Nucleus breaks down and spindle fibres begin to form

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6
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindle fibres attach to the chromosomes and the chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell

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7
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibres shorten and pull the chromosomes apart to the bottom and top of the cell

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8
Q

Telophase

A

A membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to form two new nuclei

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9
Q

Cytokinesis

A

New cell membranes form to separate two new cells

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10
Q

Mitosis - the division

A

Makes two genetically identical diploid daughter cells

Identical set of chromosomes with the parent cell

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11
Q

Stem cells

A

Cells that can turn into different types of cells - undifferentiated
They can divide to make more stem cells
Once they have differentiated they can’t change into another one

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12
Q

Embryonic cells

Benefits

A

Easy to remove
Pluripotent - treats a vast number of diseases
Can be cloned from patients cell - avoids rejection

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13
Q

Embryonic cell - drawbacks

A

Ethical issues - destroying embryos to get stem cells

Could lead to illegal cloning of humans

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14
Q

Risks of using embryonic stem cells

A

Risk of rejection- stem cells from another person

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15
Q

Adult stem cells benefits

A

No ethical issues

If taken from patient - no rejection

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16
Q

Drawbacks from adult stem cells

A

Multi-potent- treat limited range of diseases

Difficult to identify and remove

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17
Q

Risks of adult stem cells

A

Non patient cells - could be rejected

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18
Q

Cell differentiation

A

Process where cells become specialised for its job

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19
Q

Cell division

A

By mitosis

20
Q

Cell elongation

A

How the plant grows

Plant cells expand making the cell bigger

21
Q

Animals and cell stuff

A

All growth is through cell division

Cell differentiation - is lost at an early stage as they are used to repair and replace cells

22
Q

Plants and cell stuff

A

Elongation- grow continuously
Cells differentiate to develop new parts - leaves and roots
Cell division - happens in the roots and tip - meristems

23
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system

Spinal cord and brain

24
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

Sense organs, nervous systems and nerves

25
Q

Sensory neurone

A

Long dendron - carries nerve impulses from receptor cells to cell body
Short axon- carries nerve impulses from cell body to CNS

26
Q

Motor neurone

A

Many short dendrites carry nerve impulses from CNS to cell body
Long axon carries nerve impulses from cell body to effector cells

27
Q

Relay neurone

A

Many short dendrites carry nerve impulses from sensory neurones to cell body
Axon carries nerve impulses from cell body to motor neurones

28
Q

Myelin sheath - uses

A

Speeds up nerve impulses as it travels on dendron and axons

29
Q

What are reflex reactions?

A

Fast and automatic responses that pass the brain

Help protect us from injury

30
Q

The nerve system

Receptor to relay neurone

A

Receptors in sense organs detect a stimulus
Electrical impulses are sent along the sensory neurone and reach the spinal cord
Nerve impulses form sensory neurone cross the synapse and trigger new impulses in relay neurone

31
Q

The nervous system

Relay neurone to motor neurone

A

Impulses travel along the relay neurone

Nerve impulses from the relay neurone crosses the synapse and causes new impulses in motor neurone

32
Q

The nervous system

Spinal cord - response

A

Nerve impulses travel from the spinal cord to the effector along the motor neurones
Nerve impulses reach the effector and causes a response

33
Q

Nerve impulse through a reflex arc - eye to relay neurone

A

They eye detects a stimulus
The sensory neurone sends a message to the spinal cord
The nerve impulses from the sensory neurone cross the synapse and the trigger the relay neurone

34
Q

Nerve impulse through a reflex arc

Synapse to response

A

The impulses are detected by the synapse which then cross the motor neurone
It then travels to the effector which causes a response

35
Q

Normal CNS

A

Slower response

Brain

36
Q

Reflex CNS

A

Faster response
Does not go to brain
Relay neurone

37
Q

Normal CNS and Reflex CNS

A 
Effector 
Synapse 
Sensory and motor neurone 
Receptor cells 
Stimulus response
38
Q

Cell division - bad effects

A

Cancer is a case of uncontrollable cell division
The rate cells divide by mitosis is controlled by genes
If there is a change in one of the genes that control cell division- cells may start dividing controllably
This can result in a mass of abnormal cells - tumour
If the tumour invades and destroys surrounding tissue- cancer

39
Q

Percentile charts

A

Used to monitor a child’s growth

Overall pattern can highlight any problems

40
Q

Meristems

A

The knot cells that divide by mitosis in plants are found in its tissue
Found in tips, roots and shoots

41
Q

What do meristems produce?

A

Unspecialised cells to form any cell
They can divide and differentiation to make any cell
Unspecialised cells can go on to form specialised tissues like xylem and phloem

42
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Groups of cells that can detect a change in your environment - stimulus

43
Q

Synapses

A

Connection between two neurones
Nerve signal is transferred by chemicals - neurotransmitters
Transmission of nervous impulses are very fast - slowed down by the diffusion of neurotransmitters

44
Q

How do reflexes prevent an injury?

A

A bee stings your finger - stimulation of the pain receptor
Impulses travel along the sensory neurone
Impulses are passed along a relay neurone via a synapse
Impulses travel along a motor neurone via a synapse
When impulses reach muscle, it contracts

45
Q

How do reflexes protect the eye?

A

Very bright light can damage the eye
Light receptors - detect bright light and sends a message along the sensory neurone to the brain
The message then travels along relay neurone to motor neurone - tells the circular muscle in the iris to contract

Biology Daisy (12 decks)

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