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Biology Daisy > Cells And Control > Flashcards

Cells And Control Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chromosomes

A

Are coiled up lengths of dna molecules

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2
Q

Diploid

A

Two sets of chromosomes in a cell - 23pairs and 46

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3
Q

Haploid

A

Half the number of chromosomes- 23

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4
Q

Why is mitosis important?

A

We need to repair our cells
Help us grow
Asexual reproduction

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5
Q

What is interphase?

A

The cell increases the amount of sub cellular structures

It then duplicates its dna

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6
Q

What is prophase?

A

Spindle fibres start to form in the cell and the nuclear membrane starts to break down

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7
Q

What is metaphase?

A

The chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell

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8
Q

What is anaphase?

A

The spindle fibre pull the chromosomes apart.

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9
Q

What is telophase?

A

The nuclei start to reform

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10
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm and the cell membrane divide the two separate cells

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11
Q

What is the formula to calculate multiple divisions of mitosis?

A

Number of cells = 2n
N = number of divisions

N = to the power of

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12
Q

Cell differentiation

A

The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job. Having specialised cells allows multicellular organismsto work more efficiently.

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13
Q

Cell division

A

Mitosis

- for growth in plants

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14
Q

Cell elongation

A

Where a plant cell expands, making the cell bigger and so making the plant grow.

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15
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Are cells that can turn into different types of cell - they are undifferentiated

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16
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A

They are found in a human embryo.

They can become almost any cell type in the body - they are pluripotent

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17
Q

What are the benefits of embryonic stem cells?

A

They can become any cell type in the body
Easy to remove
We can treat lots of diseases with them

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18
Q

Drawbacks of embryonic stem cells

A

Religious issues - people believe that life starts at fertilisation therefore it’s murder
Money spent on this research can be spent somewhere else

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19
Q

Risks of using embryonic stem cells

A

Can be rejected by the patient

20
Q

What are adult stem cells?

A

They are found in adults but they’re only found in certain places like bone marrow or in a certain places in the body with differentiated tissues.
They can only become a limited range of cell types
They are multi potent

21
Q

Benefits of adult stem cells

A

Can still treat certain disease

No ethical issues

22
Q

Drawbacks of adult stem cells

A

Limited amount of cells that they can become

Difficult to find and collect from adult tissues

23
Q

Risks of adult stem cells

A

Can be rejected by the patient

24
Q

Where are meristems found in plants?

A

Meristem tissue is found in the areas of a plant that are growing eg the tips of the roots and shoots

25
Q

What do meristems produce?

A

Unspecialised cells that are able to divide and form any cell type in the plant
They can divide and differentiate to generate into any type of cell as long as the plant lives

26
Q

Example of how doctors use stem cells in medicine

A

They use them to cure sickle cell anaemia which can sometimes be cured with a bone marrow transplant

27
Q

What are receptors?

A

Groups of cells that detect a change in the environment

28
Q

What is a stimuli?

A

A change in the environment

29
Q

What does the cns control?

A

The body’s response to a stimulus

30
Q

What does the pns do?

A

Connects the sense organs to the cns using nerves

31
Q

Describe a motor neurone

A

Many short dendrites carry impulses from the cns to the cell body
One long axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to effector cells

32
Q

How can you tell if it is a motor neurone?

A

Nervous impulse is going towards the effector to bring about a response

33
Q

Describe a sensory neurone

A

One large dendron carries nerve impulses from receptor cells to the cell body which is located in the middle of the neurone
One short axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to the cns

34
Q

How can you tell that it is a sensory neurone?

A

Nervous impulse is going away from the sensory organ towards the cns

35
Q

Dendrites

A

Carry nerve impulses towards the cell body

36
Q

Axon

A

Carry nerve impulses away from the cell body

37
Q

What are the main functions of the myelin sheath?

A

It speeds you the nerve impulses as it travels along the dendron
It insulated the electrical message

38
Q

role of the neurotransmitters

A

The electrical message travelling along the axon, reaches the end of the neurone
Neurotransmitters are released from the end of the neurone
This chemical message travels across the synapse
This passes on the electrical message to the next neurone

39
Q

Reflex reactions

A

They are fast automatic responses that bypass the brain - they help protect us from injury

40
Q

What are synapses?

A

The connection between two neurones

41
Q

How do synapses connect neurones?

A

The nerve signal is transferred by chemicals called neurotransmitters which diffuse across the gap
The neurotransmitters then set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone
The transmission of a nervous impulse is fast but is slowed down by the synapse because the diffusion of neurotransmitters across the gap takes time

42
Q

Describe the pathway of a nerve impulse through a reflex arc

A

The eye detects a stimulus
The sensory neurone sends a message to the spinal cord
The nerve impulses from the sensory neurone cross the synapse and trigger the relay neurone
The impulses are detected by the synapse which then cross the motor neurone
It then travels to the effector which causes a response

43
Q

Normal cns

A

Slower response

Includes brain

44
Q

Reflex arc

A

Faster responses
Does not go to the brain
Relay neurone

45
Q

Both reflex and normal neurones

A 
Sensory neurone 
Motor neurone 
Stimulus response 
Synapse 
Receptor cells 
Effector

Biology Daisy (12 decks)

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