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Biology Daisy > CB4 Natural Selction > Flashcards

CB4 Natural Selction Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolution

A

A gradual change in the characteristics of a species over time

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2
Q

Natural selection

A

The differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype

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3
Q

Darwin’s theory

A

Members of a species show variation - some of this is genetic
Organisms which are features suited to their environment are more likely to survive and breed
These genes are passed down to the next generation

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4
Q

Mutations

A

A change in the sequence of genes

This can cause a rapid change in species

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5
Q

Bacteria and antibiotics natural selection

A

Antibiotics kill the less resistant bacteria
It’s an advantage to be resistant to antibiotics so the bacteria can survive longer
If the course of the antibiotics is not finished , the resistant bacteria reproduce again - pass on their advantageous characteristics

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6
Q

How does antibiotics provide evidence for evolution?

A

Makes the bacteria better adapted to an environment in which antibiotics is present. As a result, antibiotic resistance becomes common in the population over time.

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7
Q

Ardi

A

4.4mya
350cm brain volume
120cm height

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8
Q

Lucy

A

3.6-2.8 mya
400cm brain volume
107cm height

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9
Q

Homo habilis

A

2.4 - 1.4 mya
500-600cm brain volume
130cm height

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10
Q

Homo erectus

A

1.8- 0.5 mya
850cm brain volume
179cm height

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11
Q

What did Leakey discover?

A

Turkana boy - 1.6mya
Short arms, long legs, big brain size
Better at walking up right

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12
Q

Homo habilis - tools

A

Simple tools - pebble
Hitting rocks together to make sharp flakes
Scrape meat from bones or crack them

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13
Q

Homo erectus- tools

A

Sculpted rocks - hand axes

Hunt dig chop scrape bones

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14
Q

Homo neanderthalensis- tools

A

Complex tools

Flint , pointed and wooden spears

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15
Q

Homo sapiens

A

Flint tools
Arrow heads
Fish hooks
Needles

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16
Q

Methods to state the date of tools

A

Looking at structural features
Use stratigraphy - study of rock layers
Carbon 14 dating

17
Q

Classification

Kingdoms

A 
Grouped organisms based on their characteristics 
Animals 
Plants 
Fungi 
Bacteria 
Protoctists
18
Q

What makes up the binomial name?

A

Genus and species - organisms that share the same genus are very similar

19
Q

Bacteria - classification

A

No nucleus with all genes used for something

20
Q

Eukarya

A

Nucleus with some unused dna present

21
Q

Archaea

A

No nucleus with some unused dna present

22
Q

Selective breeding

A

When humans artificially select which plants or animals are going to breed so that the genes for particular characteristics remain in the population.

23
Q

Method for selective breeding

A

Select the ones from your existing stock which have the characteristics
Breed them
Select the best of the offspring , breed them
Continue to repeat

24
Q

Benefits of selective breeding

A

Some cattle are better at producing meat
Improve meat yields
After doing this for a while - very high meat yield
Used for medical research

25
Q

Drawbacks of selective breeding

A

Reduces the gene pool for a population - no variation
Lead to health problems - animals - ethical
If a disease occurs all the gm animals will be effected

26
Q

Genetic engineering

A

The process of modifying an organisms genome to introduce desirable characteristics

27
Q

Genetic engineering in agriculture

A

Crops are go to be resistant to herbicide
Farmers can spray crops to kill weeds without killing crops
Increases farmers yield

28
Q

Disadvantages of genetic engineering agriculture

A

Gm genes may get out into the environment
Herbicide resistant gene may get picked up by weeds
Could effect food chains and human health

29
Q

Genetic engineering - medicine

A

Transferred human genes that produce useful proteins into sheep and cows

30
Q

Disadvantages of gm medicine

A

Can be hard to predict what effect modifying its genome will have on the organism
Animals suffer health problems

31
Q

Genetic engineering insulin

A 
Identify chromosomes 
Identify gene
RE cut out gene 
RE cut open plasmid 
Stick gene to plasmid - DNA ligase and SE 
Insert plasmid into bacteria

Biology Daisy (12 decks)

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