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Biology Daisy > CB7 > Flashcards

CB7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messages produced by endocrine glands and are directly released into the blood

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2
Q

Target organ

A

The tissue or organ that is affected by the hormone

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3
Q

How do hormones work?
Gland
Blood
Target organ

A

The gland makes the hormone
The hormone diffuses into the blood
The blood takes the hormone to the target organ

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4
Q

Affects of adrenalin
Heart cells
-heart rate
-blood pressure

A

Heart muscle cells contract
More rapidly = heart rate increases
More strongly = blood pressure increases

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5
Q

Affects of Adrenalin

Blood vessels

A

Blood vessels leading to muscles increase in diameter

Blood vessels leading to other organs decrease diameter

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6
Q

Affects of adrenalin

Liver cells

A

Cells change from glycogen to glucagon

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7
Q

Nerves vs hormones

Signals

A

Nerves - electrical

Hormones - chemical

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8
Q

Nerves vs hormones

Speed

A

Nerves - very fast

Hormones - slow

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9
Q

Nerves vs hormones
Acts of areas
How long for

A

Nerves - precise areas for a short times

Hormones - general area for a long time

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10
Q

Ovaries - glands

A

Makes oestrogen and progesterone. Controls female development during puberty

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11
Q

Testes- glands

A

Testosterone. Controls the Male development during puberty

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12
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Growth hormone

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13
Q

Pancreas

A

Insulin and glucagon. Controls blood sugar levels

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14
Q

Adrenal

A

Adrenaline. Gets body ready for fight or flight mode

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15
Q

Thyroid - glands

A

Thyroxine - controls how quickly chemical reactions take place in your body.

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16
Q

IVF - art

A

Assisted reproductive technology

- a fertility treatment that involves eggs being handled outside of the body

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17
Q

Steps for IVF

A

Fertility drug takes to stimulate the maturation if the egg
Mature eggs are collected
The eggs are fertilised in the lab
Fertilised eggs develop into embryos
One or two embryos are inserted into the uterus

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18
Q

When is IVF used?

A

Blocked oviducts

Man produces few sperm

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19
Q

Advantages of IVF

A

Any unused can be used for research

First time for IVF is free on the nhs

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20
Q

Disadvantages of IVF

A

Only successful 26% of the time
If one person removed their consent - the egg has to be destroyed
Opportunity for multiple babies

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21
Q

Metabolic rate

A

The speed at which chemical reactions in the body occur

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22
Q

How does thyroxin affect the metabolic rate?

A

Regulates the metabolic rate
Causes heart cells to contract more
Causes carbohydrates and proteins to break down quickly

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23
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

When you have a low thyroxine and a low metabolic rate

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24
Q

Symptoms hyperthyroidism

A

Fatigue
Weight
Cold intolerance

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25
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

When there is too much thyroxine and the metabolic rate is too high

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26
Q

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A 
High heart rate 
Irritability 
Insomnia 
Weight loss
Heat intolerance
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27
Q

High levels of thyroxine

A

Hypothalamus inhibited - stops production of TRH
Lack of TRH - pituitary gland inhibited
Lack of TSH - thyroid gland inhibited
Thyroid blood levels decrease

28
Q

Thyroxine levels too low

A

Hypothalamus stimulates - Releases TRH
Stimulates the productions TSH in pituitary gland
Stimulates the production of TSH in thyroid gland
Thyroid levels increase

29
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

Hormone that is released by the adrenal glands which prepares the body for fight or flight
It does this by activating processes that increase the oxygen and glucose levels to the cells

30
Q

What affect does adrenalin have on the heart?

A

Causes the heart muscle to contract more frequently and with more force
Heart rate and blood pressure increase

31
Q

What affect does adrenalin have in the blood vessels?

A

Cells receive more oxygen and glucose for increased respiration

32
Q

What affect does adrenalin have on the liver?

A

Causes liver to break down its glycogen stores to release glucose

33
Q

Glucose level too high

A

Pancreas - releases insulin
Insulin travels to liver
Liver converts glucose to glycogen
Glucose levels decrease

34
Q

Glucose levels too low

A

Pancreas release glucagon
Glucagon travels to the liver
Liver converts glycogen to glucose
Glucose levels increase

35
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Where the pancreas makes little or no insulin which means a persons blood glucose levels can rise

36
Q

Type 1 diabetes - risks

A

Causes not known

People who have family history

37
Q

Type 1 diabetes - symptoms

A

Appear suddenly and obviously

  • thirst
  • urination
  • tired
38
Q

Type 1 diabetes- cause

A

Cells that make insulin in the pancreas are destroyed

39
Q

Type 1 diabetes

Treatment

A

Insulin injections
Healthy diet
Exercise
Regular blood sugar levels tests

40
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Where the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin which makes the blood glucose levels rise

41
Q

Type 1 diabetes

Risks

A

Family history

Pregnant women

42
Q

Type 2 diabetes

Symptoms

A

Develop slowly and they may not be noticed

43
Q

Type 2 diabetes

Treatment

A

Tablet to increase insulin production

Regular blood sugar tests

44
Q

Type 2 diabetes

Prevent

A

Diet

Physical activity

45
Q

BMI

Obese

A

Over 30

46
Q

Waist to hip ratio

A

Storing lots of fat around the abdomen area means an increase risk in diabetes 2

Waist width over hip width
Men 1.0 or above = obese
Women 0.85 or above = obese

47
Q

Male condom

A

Barrier
Place over the erect penis
Prevents sperm from getting into vagina
98-82% effective

48
Q

Diaphragm

A

Barrier
Place over cervix, stops sperm from entering uterus
94-84% effective

49
Q

Pill

A

Hormonal

Releases hormones to prevent ovulation and thickens the cervical mucus making it difficult for sperm to pass through

50
Q

Implant

A

Hormonal
Releases hormones that prevent ovulation and thickens the cervical mucus making it difficult for sperm to pass through
99-98% effective

51
Q

Pros of hormonal methods

A

More effective at preventing pregnancies

Don’t have to remember before

52
Q

Cons of hormonal methods

A

Headaches, acne, mood changes

Don’t prevent stds - condoms do

53
Q

What is the clomifree therapy?

A

Causes FSH and LH to be released

Stimulates egg maturation and ovulation

54
Q 
What does the FSH do?
Released 
Travels
Egg
Stimulates
A

Release by pituitary gland
Travels in blood to ovaries
Causes egg to mature
Stimulates the release of oestrogen

55
Q

What does Oestrogen do?
Released
FSH
Stimulates

A

Released by ovaries
Stops FSH being produced
Stimulates pituitary gland to release LH

56
Q

What does LH do?
Released
Travels
Egg

A

Released by the pituitary gland
Travels to the ovaries
Causes the mature egg to be released

57
Q

What does Progesterone do?
Released
Lining of uterus
Eggs

A

Released by the corpus luteum after ovulation
Thickens and maintains the lining of the uterus
If egg is fertilised, levels stay high

58
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

The monthly sequence of events in which a female body releases an egg and prepares the uterus in case the egg is fertilised

59
Q

What happens on day 1 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The lining of the uterus breaks down and is released

60
Q

What happens from days 4-14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The uterus lining is repaired, until it becomes a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels ready for a fertilised egg to impact there.

61
Q

What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

An egg develops and is released from the ovary

62
Q

What happens on days 14-28 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The lining is maintained

If no egg is fertilised by day 28 then the lining breaks down again and the cycle starts again

63
Q

How do you measure BMI?

A

Mass / height squared

64
Q

Why do your conditions in your body need to be kept steady?

A

Cells need the right functions in order to function properly
Right conditions for enzyme activity

65
Q

Blood glucose regulation

A

You need to make sure the amount of glucose in your blood doesn’t get too high or too low

66
Q

Osmoregulation - regulating water content

A

You need to keep a balance between the water you gain - from drink, food and respiration - and the water you pee, sweat or breath out

67
Q

Thermoregulation - regulating body temperature

A

You need to reduce your body temperature when you are hot, but increase it when the environment is cold

Biology Daisy (12 decks)

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