CB7 Flashcards
Hormones
Chemical messages produced by endocrine glands and are directly released into the blood
Target organ
The tissue or organ that is affected by the hormone
How do hormones work?
Gland
Blood
Target organ
The gland makes the hormone
The hormone diffuses into the blood
The blood takes the hormone to the target organ
Affects of adrenalin
Heart cells
-heart rate
-blood pressure
Heart muscle cells contract
More rapidly = heart rate increases
More strongly = blood pressure increases
Affects of Adrenalin
Blood vessels
Blood vessels leading to muscles increase in diameter
Blood vessels leading to other organs decrease diameter
Affects of adrenalin
Liver cells
Cells change from glycogen to glucagon
Nerves vs hormones
Signals
Nerves - electrical
Hormones - chemical
Nerves vs hormones
Speed
Nerves - very fast
Hormones - slow
Nerves vs hormones
Acts of areas
How long for
Nerves - precise areas for a short times
Hormones - general area for a long time
Ovaries - glands
Makes oestrogen and progesterone. Controls female development during puberty
Testes- glands
Testosterone. Controls the Male development during puberty
Pituitary gland
Growth hormone
Pancreas
Insulin and glucagon. Controls blood sugar levels
Adrenal
Adrenaline. Gets body ready for fight or flight mode
Thyroid - glands
Thyroxine - controls how quickly chemical reactions take place in your body.
IVF - art
Assisted reproductive technology
- a fertility treatment that involves eggs being handled outside of the body
Steps for IVF
Fertility drug takes to stimulate the maturation if the egg
Mature eggs are collected
The eggs are fertilised in the lab
Fertilised eggs develop into embryos
One or two embryos are inserted into the uterus
When is IVF used?
Blocked oviducts
Man produces few sperm
Advantages of IVF
Any unused can be used for research
First time for IVF is free on the nhs
Disadvantages of IVF
Only successful 26% of the time
If one person removed their consent - the egg has to be destroyed
Opportunity for multiple babies
Metabolic rate
The speed at which chemical reactions in the body occur
How does thyroxin affect the metabolic rate?
Regulates the metabolic rate
Causes heart cells to contract more
Causes carbohydrates and proteins to break down quickly
Hypothyroidism
When you have a low thyroxine and a low metabolic rate
Symptoms hyperthyroidism
Fatigue
Weight
Cold intolerance
Hyperthyroidism
When there is too much thyroxine and the metabolic rate is too high
Symptoms of hyperthyroidism
High heart rate Irritability Insomnia Weight loss Heat intolerance
High levels of thyroxine
Hypothalamus inhibited - stops production of TRH
Lack of TRH - pituitary gland inhibited
Lack of TSH - thyroid gland inhibited
Thyroid blood levels decrease
Thyroxine levels too low
Hypothalamus stimulates - Releases TRH
Stimulates the productions TSH in pituitary gland
Stimulates the production of TSH in thyroid gland
Thyroid levels increase
What is adrenaline?
Hormone that is released by the adrenal glands which prepares the body for fight or flight
It does this by activating processes that increase the oxygen and glucose levels to the cells
What affect does adrenalin have on the heart?
Causes the heart muscle to contract more frequently and with more force
Heart rate and blood pressure increase
What affect does adrenalin have in the blood vessels?
Cells receive more oxygen and glucose for increased respiration
What affect does adrenalin have on the liver?
Causes liver to break down its glycogen stores to release glucose
Glucose level too high
Pancreas - releases insulin
Insulin travels to liver
Liver converts glucose to glycogen
Glucose levels decrease
Glucose levels too low
Pancreas release glucagon
Glucagon travels to the liver
Liver converts glycogen to glucose
Glucose levels increase
Type 1 diabetes
Where the pancreas makes little or no insulin which means a persons blood glucose levels can rise
Type 1 diabetes - risks
Causes not known
People who have family history
Type 1 diabetes - symptoms
Appear suddenly and obviously
- thirst
- urination
- tired
Type 1 diabetes- cause
Cells that make insulin in the pancreas are destroyed
Type 1 diabetes
Treatment
Insulin injections
Healthy diet
Exercise
Regular blood sugar levels tests
Type 2 diabetes
Where the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin which makes the blood glucose levels rise
Type 1 diabetes
Risks
Family history
Pregnant women
Type 2 diabetes
Symptoms
Develop slowly and they may not be noticed
Type 2 diabetes
Treatment
Tablet to increase insulin production
Regular blood sugar tests
Type 2 diabetes
Prevent
Diet
Physical activity
BMI
Obese
Over 30
Waist to hip ratio
Storing lots of fat around the abdomen area means an increase risk in diabetes 2
Waist width over hip width
Men 1.0 or above = obese
Women 0.85 or above = obese
Male condom
Barrier
Place over the erect penis
Prevents sperm from getting into vagina
98-82% effective
Diaphragm
Barrier
Place over cervix, stops sperm from entering uterus
94-84% effective
Pill
Hormonal
Releases hormones to prevent ovulation and thickens the cervical mucus making it difficult for sperm to pass through
Implant
Hormonal
Releases hormones that prevent ovulation and thickens the cervical mucus making it difficult for sperm to pass through
99-98% effective
Pros of hormonal methods
More effective at preventing pregnancies
Don’t have to remember before
Cons of hormonal methods
Headaches, acne, mood changes
Don’t prevent stds - condoms do
What is the clomifree therapy?
Causes FSH and LH to be released
Stimulates egg maturation and ovulation
What does the FSH do? Released Travels Egg Stimulates
Release by pituitary gland
Travels in blood to ovaries
Causes egg to mature
Stimulates the release of oestrogen
What does Oestrogen do?
Released
FSH
Stimulates
Released by ovaries
Stops FSH being produced
Stimulates pituitary gland to release LH
What does LH do?
Released
Travels
Egg
Released by the pituitary gland
Travels to the ovaries
Causes the mature egg to be released
What does Progesterone do?
Released
Lining of uterus
Eggs
Released by the corpus luteum after ovulation
Thickens and maintains the lining of the uterus
If egg is fertilised, levels stay high
What is the menstrual cycle?
The monthly sequence of events in which a female body releases an egg and prepares the uterus in case the egg is fertilised
What happens on day 1 of the menstrual cycle?
The lining of the uterus breaks down and is released
What happens from days 4-14 of the menstrual cycle?
The uterus lining is repaired, until it becomes a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels ready for a fertilised egg to impact there.
What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?
An egg develops and is released from the ovary
What happens on days 14-28 of the menstrual cycle?
The lining is maintained
If no egg is fertilised by day 28 then the lining breaks down again and the cycle starts again
How do you measure BMI?
Mass / height squared
Why do your conditions in your body need to be kept steady?
Cells need the right functions in order to function properly
Right conditions for enzyme activity
Blood glucose regulation
You need to make sure the amount of glucose in your blood doesn’t get too high or too low
Osmoregulation - regulating water content
You need to keep a balance between the water you gain - from drink, food and respiration - and the water you pee, sweat or breath out
Thermoregulation - regulating body temperature
You need to reduce your body temperature when you are hot, but increase it when the environment is cold
